6c Monoclonal antibodies (triple only) Flashcards
Antibodies are produced by ….
Lymphocytes
How many different types of antibodies can be made by each lymphocyte?
One
Name the molecule shown in the diagram
Antibody
What does an antibody bind on to?
Antigen
The antigen binding site are very specific.
What does this mean?
The antibody binding sites are a particular shape.
They will bind to an antigen with a complementary shape.
To make a monoclonal antibody a mouse is first injected with the …….
Antigen
What is extracted from the mouse a few days after injecting the antigen?
Lymphocyte’s from the spleen
What is a myeloma cell and why is it used in the
production of monoclonal antibodies?
Tumour cell
Undergoes uncontrolled cell division
Can be cloned easily
What is a hybridoma?
The cell produced when a myeloma cell is fused with a lymphocyte
Describe how a monoclonal antibody is made.
Antigen injected into a mouse
Lymphocytes removed from the mouse
Lymphocytes fused with a myeloma cell
Produces a hybridoma cell
Select and isolate the hybridoma cell that produces the required antibody
Clone the hybridoma to produce lots of identical hybridoma cells
Collect and purify the antibodies produced
Give a use of monoclonal antibodies
Diagnosis eg pregnancy tests
In labs to measure levels of hormones or other blood chemicals
Detect pathogens
In research to locale or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding them to a fluorescent dye
Treat diseases eg cancer
Give a disadvantage of using monoclonal antibodies
in the treatment of disease
Create more side effects than expected
How can a monoclonal antibody be used to kill cancer cells?
Add a toxic chemical /drug or radioactive substance to monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibody binds to the cancer cells with the complementary shaped antigen
Drug/chemical/radioactivity stops the cell from growing and dividing
Does not harm other cells
