Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

250-S1 > 6.6 Blood 2 > Flashcards

6.6 Blood 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

high levels of neutrophils caused by infection, inflammation, malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is neutropenia? Causes?

A

low levels of neutrophils in the blood due to a shift into tissues during infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

high eosinophils due to allergy or parasitic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the chemical mediators released by damaged tissue that stimulate WBC production?

A

Interleukins (IL)

CSF- colony stimulating factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are leukemia and lymphoma?

A

leukemia: blood malignancy
abnormal, continued proliferation of bone marrow precursor “blast” cells, do not differentiate into mature cells
lymphoma: lymph node malignancy
abnormal proliferation of B and T-lymphocytes in the lymph nodes or other lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cell type creates platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the characteristics of a platelet cell?

A

Have some organelles- actin + myosin = can contract

Also clothing chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hormone stimulates platelet production? Where are platelets broken down?

A

Thrombopoeitin- liver hormone stimulates megakaryocytic activity in marrow
Broken down by macrophages in spleen and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is hemostasis? What 3 steps occur?

A

Cascade of steps to stop bleeding
1-vascular spasm
2- platelet plug formation
3- coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in vascular spasm?

A

injury to vessel releases chemicals
smooth muscle in blood vessel wall contracts
20-30 minutes, reduces blood flow to area, most effective in small vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the platelet plug form? What kind of feedback is this?

A

vonWillebrand Factor binds platelets to collagen in the blood vessel wall
platelets swell, become spiky and release chemicals that cause more platelet aggregation:
platelet plug is formed within 1 minute
+ feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens during coagulation?

A

platelet plug is reinforced by fibrin mesh, forming a clot
Complex process that requires a cascade of molecules
Needs to be tightly regulated to prevent abnormal clot formation which can block blood vessels (heart attack, stroke, tissue damage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the intrinsic clotting pathway? Which clotting factors are involved?

A

stimulated by endothelium damage, ex: arteriosclerosis

starts with clotting Factor XII –> X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the extrinsic clotting pathway? Which clotting factors are involved?

A

stimulated by external injury to blood vessel, ex: laceration
starts with clotting Factor VII–>X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Once clotting factor X is activated, what happens next?

A

Factor X – leads to conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into the fibrin mesh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do clots retract and heal?

A

clot retraction: actin and myosin in platelets contract, compacts the clot, draws injured vessel together (30-60 minutes)
platelet derived growth factor (PDGF): stimulates regrowth of the blood vessel
clot fibrinolysis: enzymes digest fibrin after vessel is healed (2+ days), clot is dissolved and healing can continue
plasmin
plasminogen
tissue plasminogen activator

17
Q

What is thrombocytosis? Common causes?

A

excessive platelets

post-splenectomy (loss of breakdown), bone marrow activation, cancer, inflammation

18
Q

What are some causes of platelet dysfunction?

A

antiplatelet therapy, aspirin, NSAIDs, high nitrogenous waste levels during renal failure

19
Q

What are some common causes of decreased coagulation?

A 
caused by: clotting factor deficiency, inherited hemophilia, von Willebrand disease
liver disease (cirrhosis)- decreases synthesis
Vitamin K deficiency - required for coagulation factor function
20
Q

What is the difference between antigen and antibodies on RBCs?

A

Antibodies are proteins that are present in the plasma and can mount an immune response to foreign cells. RBC’s are identified as self or foreign based on the antigen molecules they carry on their surface.

21
Q

What type of antigen and antibodies are found on type B blood?

A

anti-A antibodies

B-antigen

22
Q

What type of antigen and antibodies are found on type B blood?

A

anti-A antibodies

B-antigen

23
Q

What type of antibodies and antigen are found on AB blood?

A

No antibodies
A-antigen; B-antigen
= universal recipient

24
Q

What type of antibodies and antigen are found on O blood?

A

anti-A antibodies
anti-B antibodies
No antigens
= Universal donor

25
Q

What are H&H?

A

Hemoglobin: amount of hemoglobin in blood
Hematocrit: percentage of RBC’s

26
Q

What are MCV and MCH?

A

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): volume of one red blood cell, common in B12 and folic acid deficiency
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell, decreased in iron deficiency

27
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

precursor RBCS, increased release with RBC destruction

250-S1 (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions