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250-S1 > 2.6 Path: Neoplasia > Flashcards

2.6 Path: Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increased size of cells

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2
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

increased number of cells

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3
Q

What is atrophy?

A

decreased size and/or number of cells

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4
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

replacement of one mature cell type for another

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5
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Increase in size of myocardial cells.
Secondary to increased outflow pressure from essential hypertension
Note enlarged nuclei

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of cell/tissue atrophy?

A

Ischemia

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7
Q

Why does metaplasia occur? What’s the most common example?

A

Cellular adaptation to stress,
Example in bronchial epithelium:
In response to smoking, columnar mucinous cells are replaced by squamous cells
Basal cells of epithelium alter pathway of differentiation

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8
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New growth

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9
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

abnormal growth

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10
Q

What is a benign neoplasm?

A

local expansion only

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11
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm? What is this commonly known as?

A

invasive, capable of spread to distant sites (metastasis)

Cancer

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12
Q

What does a benign neoplasm look like at the tissue level?

A 
Encapsulated 
Slow, “expansile” growth
Resembles normal tissue
No invasion of adjacent tissue
Does not metastasize
Has a capsule
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13
Q

What does malignant neoplasm look like at the tissue level?

A 
Not encapsulated 
Variable-rapid, “infiltrative” growth
Variable resemblance to normal tissue
Invasion of adjacent tissue
Potential to metastasize
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14
Q

What are the 2 components of a tumor? What do they do?

A

Parenchyma: tumor cells
Stroma: connective tissue, often resembles granulation tissue with angiogenesis, activated fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, releases factors for angiogenesis

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15
Q

What do the following prefixes mean?:
adeno-
squam-
leio-

A

Adeno=gland forming
Squam= squamous cell
Leio=smooth muscle

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16
Q

What are carcinomas, sarcomas, and blastomas?

A

Carcinoma= epithelial differentiation
Sarcoma=mesenchymal differentiation (malignancy of connective tissue)
Blastoma= embryonic tissue (always malignant)

17
Q

What does dysplasia look like within the cell?

A

“Malignant” changes in cells within epithelial layer
Hyperchromatic nuclei: dark nuclei, due to increase in DNA
Pleomorphic and enlarged nuclei
Mitotic figures

18
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

germ cell tumors; embryologic

19
Q

Where are most sarcomas seen?

A

Children

20
Q

What TGIM in cancer?

A

Transform
Grow
Invade
Metastasize

21
Q

What is metastasis?

A

tumor implant discontinuous with the primary tumor.“Unequivocally” marks a tumor as malignant.

22
Q

What are 3 ways mets spread?

A

Lymphatic spread-Regional lymph nodes (Carcinomas)
Hematogenous spread Usually in “first”capillary bed (Most organs:Lungs, GI tract, Liver)
Seeding of body cavities Peritoneal, pleural cavity

23
Q

How are tumors graded?

A

Differentiation: morphologic resemblance of cancer cells to normal
Most common grading: 3 tier system, i.e. well, moderate and poorly differeniated
“Differentiated” referring to how different tissue is from normal, well differentiated better prognosis, poorly differentiated, worse prognosis
By path

24
Q

How is cancer staged?

A

Tumor Node Metastasis
T- refers to primary tumor, where is it? Spread locally? Histology
N- lymph node metastasis, by imagine or surgery Imaging, surgery, biopsy
M- Distant mets Comes from scans

25
Q

What is the TNM scale?

A 
T  extent of primary tumor (example colon)
T0:   no evidence of primary tumor 
Tis:  	carcinoma in situ
T1:	confined to mucosa
T2:	 invades into muscularis
T3:	 invades through to serosa
T4:	extends to adjacent organs
N extent of regional lymph node involvement      
N0:	 no regional lymph node metastases
N1:	 1-3 pericolonic lymph nodes 
N2:	4 or more lymph nodes
M distant metastases 
M0:	 no distant metastases
M1:	 distant metastases present

250-S1 (44 decks)

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