2.6 Path: Neoplasia Flashcards
What is hypertrophy?
increased size of cells
What is hyperplasia?
increased number of cells
What is atrophy?
decreased size and/or number of cells
What is metaplasia?
replacement of one mature cell type for another
What is cardiac hypertrophy?
Increase in size of myocardial cells.
Secondary to increased outflow pressure from essential hypertension
Note enlarged nuclei
What is the most common cause of cell/tissue atrophy?
Ischemia
Why does metaplasia occur? What’s the most common example?
Cellular adaptation to stress,
Example in bronchial epithelium:
In response to smoking, columnar mucinous cells are replaced by squamous cells
Basal cells of epithelium alter pathway of differentiation
What is neoplasia?
New growth
What is dysplasia?
abnormal growth
What is a benign neoplasm?
local expansion only
What is a malignant neoplasm? What is this commonly known as?
invasive, capable of spread to distant sites (metastasis)
Cancer
What does a benign neoplasm look like at the tissue level?
Encapsulated Slow, “expansile” growth Resembles normal tissue No invasion of adjacent tissue Does not metastasize Has a capsule
What does malignant neoplasm look like at the tissue level?
Not encapsulated Variable-rapid, “infiltrative” growth Variable resemblance to normal tissue Invasion of adjacent tissue Potential to metastasize
What are the 2 components of a tumor? What do they do?
Parenchyma: tumor cells
Stroma: connective tissue, often resembles granulation tissue with angiogenesis, activated fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, releases factors for angiogenesis
What do the following prefixes mean?:
adeno-
squam-
leio-
Adeno=gland forming
Squam= squamous cell
Leio=smooth muscle
What are carcinomas, sarcomas, and blastomas?
Carcinoma= epithelial differentiation
Sarcoma=mesenchymal differentiation (malignancy of connective tissue)
Blastoma= embryonic tissue (always malignant)
What does dysplasia look like within the cell?
“Malignant” changes in cells within epithelial layer
Hyperchromatic nuclei: dark nuclei, due to increase in DNA
Pleomorphic and enlarged nuclei
Mitotic figures
What is a teratoma?
germ cell tumors; embryologic
Where are most sarcomas seen?
Children
What TGIM in cancer?
Transform
Grow
Invade
Metastasize
What is metastasis?
tumor implant discontinuous with the primary tumor.“Unequivocally” marks a tumor as malignant.
What are 3 ways mets spread?
Lymphatic spread-Regional lymph nodes (Carcinomas)
Hematogenous spread Usually in “first”capillary bed (Most organs:Lungs, GI tract, Liver)
Seeding of body cavities Peritoneal, pleural cavity
How are tumors graded?
Differentiation: morphologic resemblance of cancer cells to normal
Most common grading: 3 tier system, i.e. well, moderate and poorly differeniated
“Differentiated” referring to how different tissue is from normal, well differentiated better prognosis, poorly differentiated, worse prognosis
By path
How is cancer staged?
Tumor Node Metastasis
T- refers to primary tumor, where is it? Spread locally? Histology
N- lymph node metastasis, by imagine or surgery Imaging, surgery, biopsy
M- Distant mets Comes from scans
What is the TNM scale?
T extent of primary tumor (example colon) T0: no evidence of primary tumor Tis: carcinoma in situ T1: confined to mucosa T2: invades into muscularis T3: invades through to serosa T4: extends to adjacent organs N extent of regional lymph node involvement N0: no regional lymph node metastases N1: 1-3 pericolonic lymph nodes N2: 4 or more lymph nodes M distant metastases M0: no distant metastases M1: distant metastases present
