6.5 - Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

what is a niche?

A

the role of an organism within an ecosystem

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2
Q

what is a habitat?

A

The place where an Organism lives.

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3
Q

What is the population?

A

All the organisms of one species in a habitat.

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4
Q

What is a producer?

A

An Organism that produces organic materials using sunlight energy.

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5
Q

What is a consumer?

A

An Organism that eats other organisms.

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6
Q

What is a decomposer?

A

An Organism that breaks down dead or undigested organic material.

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7
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

a stage in a food chain occupied by a particular group of organisms.

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8
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All the organisms living in a certain area and all the non living conditions found them.

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9
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

The living features of an ecosystem.

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10
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

For non living features of any.

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11
Q

What are examples of biotic factors?

A
  • food
  • competition
  • territory
  • predation
  • disease
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12
Q

What are examples of abiotic factors?

A
  • temperature
  • rainfall
  • soil
  • pH
  • salinity
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13
Q

What are examples of ecosystems?

A
  • rock pool
  • playing field
  • tree
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14
Q

How is energy stored within an ecosystem?

A

as biomass

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15
Q

What happens to energy and biomass locked up in things that can’t be eaten?

A

They are broken down by decomposers and recycled back into the ecosystem.

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16
Q

What is a food chain?

A

A single line showing energy transfer.

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17
Q

What is a food web?

A

Multiple food chains connected together.

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18
Q

Why is not all energy/biomass transferred to the next trophic level?

A
  • some is never taken in in the first place as plants cant absorb all wavelengths
  • some is lost to the environment during respiration or body heat
  • some is used for growth or stored as biomass
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19
Q

What is the equation for energy efficiency?

A

(energy
transferred/ energy intake) X 100

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20
Q

How would you calculate the energy transfer between trophic levels?

A

calculate the difference between the amount of energy in each level

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21
Q

How can you calculate the amount of energy in a trophic level?

A
  • measuring dry mass of organisms
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22
Q

What human activities can increase for transfer of energy through an ecosystem?

A
  • herbicides
  • fungicides
  • insecticides
  • natural predators
  • fertilisers
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23
Q

What are the features of waterlogged soil?

A

little oxygen

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24
Q

What is the function of soil?

A

PROVIDES:
- water
- nutrients
- anchorage

25
Q

what are the features of clay soil?

A
  • few air spaces
  • retains water
  • floods easily
26
Q

What are the features of sandy soil?

A
  • lots of air spaces
  • doesnt store water
27
Q

What is Loam Soil?

A

A mix of clay and sandy soil.

28
Q

Why do plant roots need oxygen?

A

For respiration so there is enough ATP produced for active transport so minerals can be pumped into the plant.

29
Q

what is biomass?

A

the mass of living material present in a particular place or in particular organisms

30
Q

what are the 2 methods for measuring biomass?

A
  • mass of fresh material present
  • dry mass
31
Q

why may measuring biomass by recording mass of fresh material present be used?

A
  • easiest method
    BUT unreliable as mass of water varies greatly
32
Q

why may measuring biomass by recording dry mass be used?

A
  • most accurate
    BUT organism must be killed and baked in an oven at 80 degrees
33
Q

what units are used for measure biomass in areas of land?

34
Q

what units are used for measure biomass in areas of water?

35
Q

what units are used for measure biomass in each trophic level?

A

KJ m^-2 yr^-1

36
Q

why is biomass measured at each trophic level per year?

A

it allows for seasonal changes in photosynthesis and feeding patterns

37
Q

what is the equation for ecological efficiency?

A

(biomass at higher trophic level) / ( biomass at lower trophic level)
X100

38
Q

what is gross primary productivity?

A

the rate that plants convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis

39
Q

what is net primary productivity?

A

the proportion of energy from the sun which remains to enter the food chain (1-8%)

40
Q

why do producers only convert 1-3% of the sunlight absorbed into chemical energy?

A
  • not all solar energy is used for photosynthesis
  • limiting factors for photosynthesis
  • some is lost through photosynthetic reactions
41
Q

what is the equation for net production?

A

gross production - respiratory losses

42
Q

what are methods for improving primary productivity?

A
  • greenhouses
  • irrigation
  • pesticides/ herbicides/ fungicides
  • crop rotation
  • fertilisers
43
Q

how do greenhouses and irrigation improve primary productivity?

A

increase rate of photosynthesis as limiting factors are reduced

44
Q

how do pesticides/ herbicides/ fungicides improve primary productivity?

A
  • reduce loss of biomass
45
Q

how do crop rotation and fertilisers improve primary productivity?

A

increase nutrient in soil so yields are improved

46
Q

what is secondary productivity?

A

the amount of biomass produced by the primary consumer

47
Q

what are methods for improving secondary productivity?

A
  • harvesting young animals
  • limiting movement
  • maintain a warm environment
  • treatment with antibiotics
  • selective breeding
48
Q

why does limiting movement and maintaining a warm environment improving secondary productivity?

A

maximises energy used for growth

BUT disease can spread quickly

49
Q

why does treating organisms with antibiotics improve secondary productivity?

A

prevents sickness which uses energy

BUT it could cause antibiotic resistance

50
Q

what are examples of carbon stores?

A
  • atmosphere
  • sedimentary rock
  • fossil fuels
  • soil
  • vegetation
  • dissolved in oceans
51
Q

outline the carbon cycle

A
  • carbon is removed from the atmosphere by autotrophs during photosynthesis
  • carbon stored in sedimentation
  • repsiration releases carbon into atmosphere
  • carbon passed between organisms in feeding
  • combustion releases carbon
52
Q

what is succession?

A

the process of ecosystems changing over time

53
Q

what are the features of a pioneer species?

A
  • produce large quantities of easily dispersible seeds or spores
  • rapid germination of seeds
  • ability to photosynthesise
  • ability to fix nitrogen
  • withstand extreme conditions
54
Q

what is the process of primary succession?

A
  1. pioneer species colonises bare ground, they dies and release minerals
  2. as plants die + decompose soil deepens, larger plants survive
  3. diversity increases, smaller plants are outcompeted
  4. climax vegetation
55
Q

what is primary succession?

A

where species colonise somewhere that didnt use to be a habitat (bare ground)

56
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

where succesion takes place on a previously colonised but disturbed or damaged habitat such as after a forest fire

57
Q

what is deflected succession?

A

when human activity prevents succession from running its course

e.g. sheep grazing to prevent grassland from developing into woodland

58
Q

what does deflected succession form?

A

a plagioclimax community if repeatedly managed