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OCR A BIOLOGY > 5.7 Respiration > Flashcards

5.7 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 stages of respiration?

A
  • glycolysis
  • link reaction
  • Krebs cycle
  • chemiosmosis
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2
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in respiration?

A

36

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3
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis?

A

2

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4
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in the link reaction?

A

0

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5
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

2

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6
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in chemiosmosis?

A

32

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7
Q

Outline the structures of the mitochondria.

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • matrix
  • cristae (fluid)
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8
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cell cytoplasm

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9
Q

How many coenzymes are involved in respiration?

A

3

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10
Q

What coenzymes are involved in respiration?

A
  • NAD
  • FAD
  • coenzyme A
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11
Q

What do NAD and FAD do?

A

They transfer hydrogen. meaning molecules are oxidised or reduced.

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12
Q

What does coenzyme A do?

A

transfers acetate between molecules

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13
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 reduced NAD
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP (net gain)
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14
Q

What is the respiration equation?

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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15
Q

What are the two reduced NAD from glycolysis used for?

A

in oxidative phosphorylation.

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16
Q

What are the two pyruvate molecules from glycolysis used for?

A

They are actively transported in the link reaction

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17
Q

What’s the two atp molecules produced in glycolysis used for?

A

Energy.

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18
Q

Where are inorganic phosphate molecules always present?

A

The cytoplasm.

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19
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP without an electron transport chain.

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20
Q

what is an example of substrate level phosphorylation.

A

Glycolysis as ATP is formed by the transfer of a phosphate group from trios bisphosphate to ADP.

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21
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

In the mitochondria

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22
Q

What is the link reaction do?

A

links anaerobic glycolysis to the aerobic steps of respiration.

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23
Q

What happens during the link reaction?

A

The pyruvate molecule enters the mitochondrial matrix by active transport. CO2 is then removed alongside a hydrogen, resulting in an acetyl group. The acetyl group bonds to coenzyme A to form acetylcoenzymeA

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24
Q

How many pyruvate molecules are used in the link reaction?

A

2

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25
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis per glucose.

A

4

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26
Q

What is the net total of ATP molecules per glucose in glycolysis?

A

2

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27
Q

How many ATP molecules are used per glucose in glycolysis?

A

2

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28
Q

How many reduced NAD are produced per glucose in glycolysis?

A

2

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29
Q

How many reduced FAD are produced per glucose and glycolysis?

A

0

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30
Q

What is glycolysis also produce alongside reduced NAD and ATP.

A

2 pyruvate molecules

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31
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis.

A
  1. Two ATP molecules are broken down into ADP and an inorganic phosphate. The phosphates then bind to the glucose to form hexose bisphosphate.
  2. The hexose bisphosphate, then splits into two triose phosphate molecules.
  3. Another phosphate group from free organic phosphate ions in the cytoplasm are added to each molecule to form triose bisphosphate.
  4. The triose bisphosphate is then oxidised by removing the hydrogen which forms pyruvate.The hydrogen is then added to NAD to form reduced NAD. The phosphates are used to make ATP.
32
Q

what are the four stages of glycolysis.

A
  1. phosphorylation
  2. lysis
  3. phosphorylation
  4. dehydrogenation and ATP formation
33
Q

Describe the role of phosphorylation in glycolysis.

A

ATP phosphorylates glucose to make two molecules of hexose bisphosphate.

34
Q

Describe what happens in phosphorylation during glycolysis.

A

Glucose is phosphorylated by 2 ATP molecules to form hexose bisphosphate.

35
Q

Describe what happens during lysis in glycolysis.

A

The hexose bisphosphate is split into two molecules of triose phosphate.

36
Q

Describe what happens during oxidation in glycolysis.

A

Hydrogen is removed from each triose phosphate and transferred to coenzyme NAD to form two reduced NAD.

37
Q

Describe what happens during dephosphorylation in glycolisis.

A

4 phosphate molecules are transferred to form four ATP molecules.

38
Q

what is produced in the link reaction?

A
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 acetylcoenzyme A
  • 2 carbon dioxide
39
Q

what is produced in the krebs cycle?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH
  • 4 carbon dioxide
40
Q

what is produced in glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 pyruvate
41
Q

compare FAD and NAD

A

FAD is a coenzyme that can accept 2 hydrogen, it is only produced in the Krebs cycle.
NAD is a coenzyme that can accept 1 hydrogen, it is produced in all 3 stages of respiration

42
Q

Where does the Kreb cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

43
Q

How many cycles are needed of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

A

2

44
Q

How many ATP molecules were produced in aerobic respiration?

A

36-38 ATP molecules

45
Q

Where are the electron transport chains in respiration?

A

In the membranes of the cristae

46
Q

What happens before and during chemiosmosis in aerobic respiration.

A

Hydrogen atoms are collected by NAD and FAD and delivered to the electron transport chains. The hydrogen atom dissociates into two electrons and two protons. The Electrons move to the electron transport chain where protons are pumped across the membrane, increasing the concentration gradient. Protons diffuse back through the ATPsynthase resulting in the formation of ATP. The electrons also combine with protons and oxygen to form water.

47
Q

What are the three main parts of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. electron transport chain
  2. chemiosmosis
  3. oxygen as the final acceptor
48
Q

Why is aerobic respiration used more than anaerobic respiration?

A

It provides more ATP energy. and less glucose is required for the same amount of ATP to be produced.

49
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose in anaerobic respiration

A
  • 2
50
Q

Why can’t lactate fermentation continue indefinitely

A

There won’t be enough ATP produced for vital functions and reduced pH will mean enzymes denature.

51
Q

what are obligate anaerobes?

A

Organisms that can’t survive in the presence of oxygen

52
Q

what are facultative anaerobes?

A

Organisms that can switch between anaerobic and aerobic respiration depending on the amount of oxygen present.

53
Q

what are obligate aerobes?

A

Organisms that can only synthesise ATP when oxygen is present.

54
Q

What does RQ stand for?

A

Respiratory quotient.

55
Q

What’s the equation for RQ?

A

CO2 produced divided by O2 consumed.

56
Q

What does an RQ of 1 mean?

A

Carbohydrates are being respired.

57
Q

What does an RQ of 0.7 mean?

A

Lipids are being respired.

58
Q

What does an RQ between 0.8 and 0.9 mean?

A

Proteins are being respired

59
Q

What does an RQ greater than 1 mean?

A

There is some anaerobic respiration.

60
Q

What will the RQ be if carbohydrates are being respired?

A

RQ=1

61
Q

What will be the RQ be if lipids are being respired?

A

RQ=0.7

62
Q

What were the RQ be if proteins are being respired?

A

0.8<RQ<0.9

63
Q

We will be RQ be if there is some anaerobic respiration.

A

RQ >1

64
Q

What are the two respiratory substrates?

A
  1. triglycerides
  2. proteins
65
Q

How do triglycerides act as a respiratory substrate?

A

The triglycerides are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids entered the Kreb cycle by a acetylcoenzyme A and form up to 580 ATP molecules. The glycerol is converted into pyruvate before undergoing oxidative decarboxylation and forming acetylcoenzyme A.

66
Q

How do proteins act as respiratory substrates?

A

Proteins are hydrolyzed into amino acids and then deaminated before entering the respiratory pathway via pyruvate.

67
Q

What are respirometers used for?

A

Measuring the rate of respiration

68
Q

What are ketone bodies?

A

The 3 molecules produced during the metabolism of fats, two of which are used as an energy source.

69
Q

What happens during lactate fermentation

A

Pyruvate is dehydrogenated into lactate, by reduced NAD releasing a hydrogen ion to form NAD

70
Q

What enzyme catalyses lactate fermentation?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

71
Q

What enzyme catalyses alcohol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase.

72
Q

What happens during alcohol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form ethanal which releases carbon dioxide. The ethanal is then dehydrogenated to form ethanol as reduced NAD releases a hydrogen ion which forms NAD.

73
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation in the Kreb cycle?

A

when the 4 carbon compound temporarily binds to coenzyme A, so that ATP is formed from ADP and Pi

74
Q

What are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

in 1 cycle:
- 1 ATP molecule
- 3 reduced NAD
- 1 reduced FAD
- 2 carbon dioxide.

75
Q

Outline the stages of the Krebs cycle

A
  1. acetyl group is released from acetylcoenzyme A
  2. the 2 carbon acetyl combines with the 4 carbon oxaloacetate to form the 6 carbon citrate
  3. citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated, which produces 1 carbon dioxide, 1 NADH and a 5 carbon compound
  4. 5 carbon compound is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated, which produces 1 carbon dioxide, 1 NADH and a 4 carbon compound
  5. 4 carbon compound temporarily binds to coenzyme A, so ATP is formed from ADP and Pi ( substrate level phosphorylation)
    4 carbon compound is dehydrogenated, which produced FADH
  6. the new 4 carbon compound is dehyrdogenated to form NADH and oxaloacetate

OCR A BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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