Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OCR A BIOLOGY > 2.2 biological molecules > Flashcards

2.2 biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the properties of water?

A
  • a solvent
  • cohesion, surface-tension
  • low density as ice
  • stable temperature
  • a reactant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are examples of cations?

A
  • calcium- Ca2+
  • ammonium- NH4+
  • hydrogen- H+
  • potassium- K+
  • sodium- Na+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are examples of anions?

A
  • hydrogencarbonate- HCO3-
  • nitrate- NO3-
  • hydroxide- OH-
  • phosphate- PO4 3-
  • chlorine- Cl-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are calcium ions used for?

A
  • blood clotting
  • muscle contraction
  • increasing the rigidity of bones, teeth and cartilage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are hydrogencarbonate ions used for?

A
  • regulating blood pH
  • transporting CO2 in and out of the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are nitrate ions used for?

A
  • the nitrogen cycle
  • component of nucleic acids, proteins, vitamins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are ammonium ions used for?

A
  • maintaining pH
  • the nitrogen cycle
  • component of nucleic acids, proteins, vitamins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are hydrogen ions used for?

A
  • photossynthesis
  • respiration
  • regulating blood pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are potassium ions used for?

A
  • controlling body water levels
  • muscle contraction
  • healthy leaves and flowers in plants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are sodium ions used for?

A
  • regulate pH and water levels
  • muscle contraction
  • component of plant vacuoles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is glucose?

A
  • a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is amylopectin?

A
  • componet of starch
  • branched chain of glucose molcules
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is amylose?

A
  • componet of starch
  • unbranched chain of glucose molcules
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • very compact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is starch?

A
  • a polysaccharide made from amylose and amylopectin. it is the energy store in plants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is cellulose?

A

a component of cell walls in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A
  • long unbranched chains of beta glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is glycogen?

A
  • main energy store in animals
  • branched polysaccharide made from alpha glucose
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are hydroxide ions used for?

A
  • regulating blood pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are phosphate ions used for?

A
  • increasing rigidity of bones and teeth
  • regulating blood pH
  • component of phopsholipids, ATP, nucleic acids and enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are chloride ions used for?

A
  • transporting C02 in the blood
  • regualting blood pH
  • producing hydrochloric acid in the stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the test for reducing sugars?

A

benedicts solution

blue–>red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the test for starch?

A

iodine solution

yellow-brown–>blue-black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the method for testing for non-reducing sugars?

A
  1. test for reducing sugars
  2. boil sample with HCl
  3. cool the solution
  4. add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise
  5. test for teducing sugars again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the test for lipids?

A

emulsion test

cloudy white emulsion forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the test for proteins?

A

biuret test

light blue–> lilac

26
Q

what are cations?

A

positively charged ions

27
Q

what are anions?

A

negatively charged ions

28
Q

how do amino acids act as buffers?

A
  • at low pH amino acids will accept H+ ions, and at high pH they will release H+ ions
29
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A
  • form structural components
  • enzymes
  • antibodies
  • hormones
  • membranes have protein components
30
Q

what are peptide bonds?

A

the bond between 2 amino acids, made in a condensation reaction

31
Q

what are amino acids?

A

monomers of all proteins

32
Q

what are the functions of triglycerides?

A
  • energy source
  • energy store
  • insulation
  • buoyancy
  • protection
33
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

lipids with one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

34
Q

what bond joins tryglycerides?

A

ester bonds

35
Q

how are disaccharides and polysaccharides formed?

A

the condesation of monosaccharides, joined by glycosidic bonds

36
Q

alpha glucose + alpha glucose —->

A

maltose

37
Q

glucose + fructose —->

A

sucrose

38
Q

glucose + galactose —–>

A

lactose

39
Q

what are unsaturated lipids?

A
  • lipids with C=C bonds and kinks
  • low melting points
  • found in plants
40
Q

what are saturated lipids?

A
  • found in animal fats
  • dont have C=C bonds
41
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

1 glycerol molcule, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group

42
Q

what can phospholipids form?

A
  • micelles
  • phospholipid bilayer
43
Q

what is a prosthetic group?

A

a non-protein compent that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule

44
Q

what is a conjugated protein?

A

a protein with a prosthetic group

45
Q

what are examples of fibrous proteins?

A

keratin
collagen
elastin

46
Q

what is the structure of fibrous proteins?

A
  • regular, repetitive amino acids sequence
  • long, thin fibres
  • parallel polypeptide chains held together by crosslinks
47
Q

what are the properties of fibrous proteins?

A
  • insoluble in water
  • metabolically inactive
  • structural
48
Q

what are examples of globular proteins?

A
  • insulin
  • pepsin
  • haemoglobin
49
Q

what is the structure of globular proteins?

A
  • spherical shape
  • hydrophobic R-groups are turned inwards
  • hydrophillic groups are on the outside
50
Q

what are the properties of globular proteins?

A
  • soluble in water
  • metabolically active
  • enzymes, hormones, transport proteins
51
Q

what is the quaternary protein structure?

A

multiple polypeptide chains bonded together with hydrogen and ionic bonds, disulfide links.

52
Q

what is the tertiary protein structure?

A

the folding of the protein with hydrogen and ionic bonds

53
Q

what is a beta-pleated sheet?

A
  • secondary protein structure
54
Q

what is the phospholipid bilayer?

A

inside the phopsholipids can move were there isnno water. On the outside the membrane is selectively permeable to non-polar molecules.

55
Q

what is an alpha helix?

A

secondary proetin structure

56
Q

Keratin

A
  • fibrous protein
  • very strong
  • waterproof
  • found in finger nails, hair, claws etc.
57
Q

collagen

A
  • fibrous protein
  • mechanical strength
  • found in bones, cartilage and connective tissues
58
Q

Haemoglobin

A
  • globular protein
  • 4 polypeptide chains each with a haem group
  • carries oxygen from the lungs to respiring tissues
59
Q

Pepsin

A
  • globular protein
  • an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach
60
Q

elastin

A
  • fibrous protein
  • allows skin to stretch, and the lungs to inflate
61
Q

insulin

A
  • globular protein
  • soluble in water
  • increases rate of glucose consumption

OCR A BIOLOGY (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions