2.2 biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the properties of water?

A
  • a solvent
  • cohesion, surface-tension
  • low density as ice
  • stable temperature
  • a reactant
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2
Q

what are examples of cations?

A
  • calcium- Ca2+
  • ammonium- NH4+
  • hydrogen- H+
  • potassium- K+
  • sodium- Na+
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3
Q

what are examples of anions?

A
  • hydrogencarbonate- HCO3-
  • nitrate- NO3-
  • hydroxide- OH-
  • phosphate- PO4 3-
  • chlorine- Cl-
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4
Q

what are calcium ions used for?

A
  • blood clotting
  • muscle contraction
  • increasing the rigidity of bones, teeth and cartilage.
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5
Q

what are hydrogencarbonate ions used for?

A
  • regulating blood pH
  • transporting CO2 in and out of the blood
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6
Q

what are nitrate ions used for?

A
  • the nitrogen cycle
  • component of nucleic acids, proteins, vitamins
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7
Q

what are ammonium ions used for?

A
  • maintaining pH
  • the nitrogen cycle
  • component of nucleic acids, proteins, vitamins
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8
Q

what are hydrogen ions used for?

A
  • photossynthesis
  • respiration
  • regulating blood pH
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9
Q

what are potassium ions used for?

A
  • controlling body water levels
  • muscle contraction
  • healthy leaves and flowers in plants
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10
Q

what are sodium ions used for?

A
  • regulate pH and water levels
  • muscle contraction
  • component of plant vacuoles
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11
Q

what is glucose?

A
  • a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms
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12
Q

what is amylopectin?

A
  • componet of starch
  • branched chain of glucose molcules
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
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13
Q

what is amylose?

A
  • componet of starch
  • unbranched chain of glucose molcules
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • very compact
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14
Q

what is starch?

A
  • a polysaccharide made from amylose and amylopectin. it is the energy store in plants
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15
Q

what is cellulose?

A

a component of cell walls in plants

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16
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A
  • long unbranched chains of beta glucose
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17
Q

what is glycogen?

A
  • main energy store in animals
  • branched polysaccharide made from alpha glucose
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
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18
Q

what are hydroxide ions used for?

A
  • regulating blood pH
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19
Q

what are phosphate ions used for?

A
  • increasing rigidity of bones and teeth
  • regulating blood pH
  • component of phopsholipids, ATP, nucleic acids and enzymes
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20
Q

what are chloride ions used for?

A
  • transporting C02 in the blood
  • regualting blood pH
  • producing hydrochloric acid in the stomach
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21
Q

what is the test for reducing sugars?

A

benedicts solution

blue–>red

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22
Q

what is the test for starch?

A

iodine solution

yellow-brown–>blue-black

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23
Q

what is the method for testing for non-reducing sugars?

A
  1. test for reducing sugars
  2. boil sample with HCl
  3. cool the solution
  4. add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise
  5. test for teducing sugars again
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24
Q

what is the test for lipids?

A

emulsion test

cloudy white emulsion forms

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25
what is the test for proteins?
biuret test light blue--> lilac
26
what are cations?
positively charged ions
27
what are anions?
negatively charged ions
28
how do amino acids act as buffers?
- at low pH amino acids will accept H+ ions, and at high pH they will release H+ ions
29
what are the functions of proteins?
- form structural components - enzymes - antibodies - hormones - membranes have protein components
30
what are peptide bonds?
the bond between 2 amino acids, made in a condensation reaction
31
what are amino acids?
monomers of all proteins
32
what are the functions of triglycerides?
- energy source - energy store - insulation - buoyancy - protection
33
what are triglycerides?
lipids with one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
34
what bond joins tryglycerides?
ester bonds
35
how are disaccharides and polysaccharides formed?
the condesation of monosaccharides, joined by glycosidic bonds
36
alpha glucose + alpha glucose ---->
maltose
37
glucose + fructose ---->
sucrose
38
glucose + galactose ----->
lactose
39
what are unsaturated lipids?
- lipids with C=C bonds and kinks - low melting points - found in plants
40
what are saturated lipids?
- found in animal fats - dont have C=C bonds
41
what are phospholipids?
1 glycerol molcule, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group
42
what can phospholipids form?
- micelles - phospholipid bilayer
43
what is a prosthetic group?
a non-protein compent that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule
44
what is a conjugated protein?
a protein with a prosthetic group
45
what are examples of fibrous proteins?
keratin collagen elastin
46
what is the structure of fibrous proteins?
- regular, repetitive amino acids sequence - long, thin fibres - parallel polypeptide chains held together by crosslinks
47
what are the properties of fibrous proteins?
- insoluble in water - metabolically inactive - structural
48
what are examples of globular proteins?
- insulin - pepsin - haemoglobin
49
what is the structure of globular proteins?
- spherical shape - hydrophobic R-groups are turned inwards - hydrophillic groups are on the outside
50
what are the properties of globular proteins?
- soluble in water - metabolically active - enzymes, hormones, transport proteins
51
what is the quaternary protein structure?
multiple polypeptide chains bonded together with hydrogen and ionic bonds, disulfide links.
52
what is the tertiary protein structure?
the folding of the protein with hydrogen and ionic bonds
53
what is a beta-pleated sheet?
- secondary protein structure
54
what is the phospholipid bilayer?
inside the phopsholipids can move were there isnno water. On the outside the membrane is selectively permeable to non-polar molecules.
55
what is an alpha helix?
secondary proetin structure
56
Keratin
- fibrous protein - very strong - waterproof - found in finger nails, hair, claws etc.
57
collagen
- fibrous protein - mechanical strength - found in bones, cartilage and connective tissues
58
Haemoglobin
- globular protein - 4 polypeptide chains each with a haem group - carries oxygen from the lungs to respiring tissues
59
Pepsin
- globular protein - an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach
60
elastin
- fibrous protein - allows skin to stretch, and the lungs to inflate
61
insulin
- globular protein - soluble in water - increases rate of glucose consumption