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OCR A BIOLOGY > 2.3 nucleic acids > Flashcards

2.3 nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a gene?

A

a length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or length of RNA

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2
Q

why do you add ethanol when extracting DNA?

A

so the DNA forms a precipitate

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3
Q

why do you add pineapple juice when extracting DNA?

A
  • a source of protease enzymes

they break down the proteins associated with the DNA is the nuclei

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4
Q

why do you add salt when extracting DNA?

A

To break down the hyrodgen bonds between the DNA and water molecules

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5
Q

why do you add washing-up liquid when extracting DNA?

A

to break down the cell membrane

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6
Q

why do you grind your sample when extracting DNA?

A

to break down the cell walls

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7
Q

What are mutations?

A

a change in the genetic code, leading to a change in the structure of the protein

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8
Q

what elements make up nucleic acids?

A
  • Hydrogen
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
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9
Q

What is a codon?

A

a triplet of bases on mRNA

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10
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

a triplet of bases on tRNA

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11
Q

What is a base triplet?

A

a triplet of bases on DNA

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12
Q

Why is DNA universal?

A

almost all living organisms have the same genetic code

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13
Q

why is DNA degenerate?

A

each amino acid has more than 1 codon

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14
Q

why is DNA non-overlapping?

A

each base is only part of one codon

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15
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A
  • 2 polynucleotide chains
  • antiparallel
  • long
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16
Q

what bond joins the phosphate group and pentose sugar in a nucleotide molecule?

A

a phosphodiester bond

17
Q

How many hydrogen bond do adenine and thymine make?

A

2

18
Q

how many hydrogen bonds do cytosine and guanine make?

A

3

19
Q

what is a nucleotide?

A

a molecules consisting of a
- pentose sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogenous base

20
Q

what are pyrimidine bases?

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

21
Q

what are purine bases?

A

Adenine
Guanine

22
Q

What are the 3 theories for DNA replication?

A
  • conservative
  • semi-conservative
  • dispersive
23
Q

How does DNA replicate in prokaryotes?

A

a bubble sprouts from the DNA loop, causing the loop to unwind and unzip. The complementary nuclotides join to the expose nuclotides. Eventually the whole loop is copied.

24
Q

what is semi- conservative repliacation?

A
  • where the DNA produces is made from 1 original chain and 1 newly synthesised chain
25
Q

how is DNA organised in prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA is found in a loop in the cytoplasm.

26
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplats
27
Q

What sugar is found in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

28
Q

what bases are found in DNA?

A

thymine
adenine
guanine
cytosine

29
Q

what bases are found in RNA?

A

uracil
adenine
guanine
cytosine

30
Q

what sugar is found in RNA?

A

ribose

31
Q

what are the types of RNA?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

32
Q

What is the process of transcription?

A

1- the gene unwinds and unzips
2- hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases are broken by DNA helicase
3- DNA polymerase catalyses the formation of new hydrogen bonds between RNA and the DNA bases
4- a complementary length of RNA is produced
5- the mRNA passes out of the nucleus to the ribosomes

33
Q

what is the proces of tanslation?

A

1- mRNA attatches itself to the ribosomes, tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosomes
2- tRNA moleculw=e with an anticodon attatches itself to a codon on the mRNA
3- a second tRNA molecules attatches itslef to the next codon
4- rRNA catalyses the formation of peptide bonds between the two amino acids
5- this process continues until it reaches a STOP codon on the mRNA

34
Q

what base is found in ATP?

A

adenine

35
Q

how many phosphate groups are on ATP?

A

3

36
Q

what sugar is found in ATP?

A

ribose

37
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A
  • ribose
  • 3 phosphate groups
  • adenine.

OCR A BIOLOGY (17 decks)

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