6.3.2 Preservation, Conservation and Sustainable Management COMPLETE

Question 1

Reasons that species are at risk of extinction

Answer 1

• Deforestation
• Agriculture
• Pollution
• Climate Change

Question 2

Economic reasons to conserve

Answer 2

• Tourism
• Drug production
• Sustainable use of resources

Question 3

Social reasons to conserve

Answer 3

• Enjoyment of the countryside

- Jobs/ Eco tourism

Question 4

Ethical reasons to conserve

Answer 4

• Prevent species extinction

- Moral Responsibility for future generations

Question 5

In Situ Conservation

Answer 5

Protect habitats, species

i.e. remove alien species, burning, grazing

Question 6

Ex Situ Conservation

Answer 6

Seed banks, animal breeding programs and storing of genetic material

Question 7

DEFINITION- Conservation

Answer 7

The maintenance of biodiversity through human action of management.
i.e. sustainable development, reclamation/ restoration of damaged ecosystems

Question 8

DEFINITION- Preservation

Answer 8

Protection of an area by restricting or banning human interference, so the ecosystem is kept in its original state.
i.e. nature reserves, no take fishing zones and virgin cave systems

Question 9

Sustainability

Answer 9

Aims to keep biological systems diverse and productive indefinitely. Works by preserving the environment, ensuring resources are available for the future. Tries to create balance between LEDCs and MEDCs

Question 10

Sustainable Timber Management

Answer 10

• ROTATIONAL COPPICING, trunks cut down to ground, allows newly formed trees to grow and maintains diversity.
• POLLARDING, Stops new tree shoots being eaten by animals

Question 11

Clear Felling

Answer 11

Is bad as causes large scale habitat destruction, trees do not regrow, bare soil will erode

Question 12

Overfishing

Answer 12

To cope with high demand, large quantities of fish are taken, this is leading to decreased populations of species that are unable to regenerate.

Question 13

International Agreements for Sustainable fishing

Answer 13

ADVANTAGES- Provides limits to the numbers of fish allowed to be caught in particular areas.
-Protects the breeding of fish, i.e. special nets
DISADVANTAGES- Wasted fish as they are dumped back into the sea

Question 14

Methods to improve fishing sustainability

Answer 14

• Nets with specifically sized holes to allow immature fish to escape and breed
• Only allow fishing certain parts of the year
• Introduction of fish farming

Question 15

Management Techniques

Answer 15

• Limiting areas tourists can visit
• Controlling movement of livestock
• Introduce anti pouching methods
• Replanting forests and native plants
• Limiting hunting through quotas

Question 16

CASE STUDY 1: The Galapagos Islands

Environmentally sensitive ecosystems

Answer 16

HABITAT- Subtropical forest, volcanic plains, coastal waters

SPECIES- Galapagos Tortoise, Blue Footed Booby, Galapagos Sea cucumber, Galapagos Hawk

Question 17

Endemic Species

Answer 17

Species found nowhere else in the world

Question 18

Threats to the Galapagos Species

Answer 18

Population Growth 
Overfishing
Tourism 
Previous Exploitation of species 
Introduced Species

Question 19

Conservation in the Galapagos

Answer 19

Captive Breeding- breeding small numbers and rearing them to be strong enough to survive on their own
Removal of Alien Species- Mass culling i.e. goats
Sustainable Development-Island split into zones with varying protection, tourism controlled

Question 20

CASE STUDY 2: Antarctica

Environmentally sensitive ecosystems

Answer 20

HABITAT- Ice sheets

SPECIES- All endothermic, ie emperor penguin, Antarctic fur seal, some lichens

Question 21

Threats to Antartica

Answer 21

• Historically, Whaling and seal hunting took place leading to depleting numbers
• Overfishing
• Some tourism
• Global Warming
• Human sewage

Question 22

Conservation in Antartica

Answer 22

• ‘Trigger level’ catch size for krill fishing
• Scientific cooperation between nations
• Tourism management
• Protection of plants and animals

Question 23

CASE STUDY 3: Snowdonia National Park

Environmentally sensitive ecosystems

Answer 23

HABITAT- High mountain range with lakes, flowing rivers, woodland and heath
SPECIES- Oak trees, arctic alpine plants, Kestrels

Question 24

Threats to Snowdonia

Answer 24

• Planting conifers that dry out moorland
• Grazing sheep
• Walkers dropping rubbish

Question 25

Conservation of Snowdonia

Answer 25

• Building footpaths

- Remove invasive plants

Question 26

CASE STUDY 1: The Masai Mara

Ecosystem Management

Answer 26

OVERVIEW- Savanna divided by the Mara river, fertile grassland, contains the big 5, migrating herds
HUMAN USES- Livestock, crops, development of infrastructure

Question 27

Masai Mara Conflicts

Answer 27

WHERE FROM- Conserving animals causes issues as predators take cattle, elephants hurt people and trample crops
RESOLVED- Darwin initiative, for survival of species research and training is needed

Question 28

CASE STUDY 2: The Terai Region of Nepal

Ecosystem Management

Answer 28

OVERVIEW- Extremely fertile well watered land, tropical plants, Bengal tigers, sloth bears, Indian rhino
HUMAN USES- Main agricultural region, used for timber trade, lots of clear felling

Question 29

Terai Region Conflicts

Answer 29

WHERE FROM- Highly populated and prone to natural disaster, rely on the forests for tourism but also fire wood.
RESOLVED- Supportive National Legislation, development of local community forest groups who set harvesting rules

Question 30

CASE STUDY 3: Peat Bogs

Ecosystem Management

Answer 30

OVERVIEW- Supports significant area of vegetation, dominated by a few groups of plants (mosses)
HUMAN USES- Burnt for fuel, drained for agriculture use

Question 31

Peat Bog Conflict

Answer 31

WHERE FROM- 90% loss due to industrialisation, leads to global warming as releases CO2 when burned, flooding and erosion also occur after drainage increasing habitat loss.
RESOLUTION- Schemes such as not using peat compost, identifying suitable peat bogs for restoration.