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Alevel Biology OCR A > 5.1.5 Animal Responses COMPLETE > Flashcards

5.1.5 Animal Responses COMPLETE Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nervous system split into?

A
  • Central Nervous System

- Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

CNS

A

Consists of relay neurones
Contains both white and grey matter
Thousands of synapses

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3
Q

PNS

A

Everywhere but the CNS

Consists of sensory and motor neurones

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4
Q

Glial Cell

A

Cells that are needed in the nervous system but are not neurones

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5
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System split into?

A
  • Autonomic Nervous System

- Somatic Nervous System

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary
Controls homeostatic mechanisms
Stimulates Cardiac + smooth muscle, Glands

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7
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary
Controls conscious activities
Stimulates skeletal muscle

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8
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System split into?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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9
Q

Sympathetic

A

Prepares the body for actions
Used when stressed
Fight or flight response

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10
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Prepares body for being calm

Rest and digest

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11
Q

Somatic Neurones

A

Consists of one neurone, mostly myelinated

Have an excitatory effect on skeletal muscles

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12
Q

Autonomic Neurones

A

Consists of two neurones linked at a ganglion
Excitatory and inhibitory effect
More myelinated

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13
Q

Postganglionic neurone

A

Unmyelinated side of the neurone

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14
Q

Describe the relationship between the parasympathetic and sympathetic

A

Antagonistic

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15
Q

Sympathetic body responses

A

Increased Heart rate
Dilating pupils
Decreased Peristalsis
Erector muscles contract

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16
Q

Parasympathetic body responses

A

Decreased Heart rate
Constricting pupils
Increased Peristalsis
Erector muscles relax

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17
Q

Structure of Sympathetic nervous system

A

Ganglion is just outside the spinal chord
Pre ganglionic neurone is very short
Use Noradrenaline

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18
Q

Structure of Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Ganglion is within the target tissue
Vary considerably
Use Acetylcholine

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19
Q

Cerebrum

A

Emotions, movement, visual processing, memory, speech

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20
Q

Cerebellum

A

Responsible for coordination, balance, posture

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21
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Coordinates and controls involuntary muscle

22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system, receives sensory input from temp receptors. Regulates pituitary gland

23
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Anterior region produces 6 hormones such as FSH

Posterior region stores and releases hormones

24
Q

DEFINITION- A Reflex

A

A rapid involuntary response to a stimulus, doesn’t involve conscious part of the brain, aims to minimise damage to body.

25
Q

Example of Reflexes

A

Expulsion- Sneezing, vomit
Withdrawal Reflex- Pull away from heat
Dilation of pupils
Babies hold their breath

26
Q

Corneal Reflex

A

When your eyelids shut to protect the cornea from damage, occurs after loud sounds, bright lights and touch.

27
Q

Explain Blinking Reflex

A

Sensory neurone from the cornea sends an impulse ti the brain stem, this synapses with an intermediate neurone. A motor neurone then causes facial muscles to contract making eyelids blink.

28
Q

Knee Jerk Reflex

A
  • Patella tendon is stretched, receptors detect the increase in muscle length (muscle spindles)
  • Sensory neurone stimulates a motor neurone
  • Extensor muscle contracts so leg straightens
  • Also relaxes as relay neurone inhibits the flexor muscle
29
Q

Physiological changes to fight or flight

A
  • Pupils dilate
  • Heart Rate increases
  • Metabolic Rate
  • Erector muscles contract
30
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Is myogenic as initiates its own contractions

31
Q

SAN

A

Region of tissue that can initiate an action potential, excitations travel over atrial walls then goes down the AVN. Then down the purine tissue to the ventricles so they contract.

32
Q

Medulla Oblongata- Control of the heart

A

Alters the heart rate as required, linked to the SAN via motor neurones.

33
Q

Sympathetic Nerve, action potentials will increase the heart rate

A

Parasympathetic Nerve, action potentials will decrease the heart rate

34
Q

Stretch receptors in muscles

A

Detect movement of limbs, indicating more O2 will be needed and a higher heart rate

35
Q

Baroreceptors in Carotid Artery

A

Detect change in pressure, if too high the heart rate will decrease.

36
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Found in the brain, aorta and carotid artery. Detect change in pH from CO2. Increased heart rate will decrease the H+ concentration

37
Q

Hormonal Control of Heart Rate

A

Adrenaline binds to specific receptors in cardiac muscle. Increasing the force and rate of the heart beat.

38
Q

Voluntary Muscle (Skeletal)

A

Striated with bands of actin and myosin. Multinucleate and cylindrical shape .Move bones at joints so found within limbs and the intercostal muscles.

39
Q

Involuntary Muscle (Smooth)

A

Non striated and spindle shaped cells, uninucleate. Control diameter of arteries, peristalsis urine contractions. Found din bronchi, arteries, gut, oesophagus

40
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Striated and branched cells with intercalated discs, uninucleate. Pump blood around the body with myogenic impulse.

41
Q

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

A
  • Made up of thousands of muscle fibres
  • Multinucleate
  • Cell surface membrane is called the Sarcolemma
  • Cytoplasm is know as Sarcoplasm
  • Contain many mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Myofilaments of thin actin and thick myosin
42
Q

Events at a neuromuscular junction

A
  1. impulse causes vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release acetylcholine into cleft.
  2. Diffuses across cleft and binds to receptors on sarcolemma
  3. Na+ floods in causing depolarisation spreading into T tubules
  4. Ca2+ channels open and they diffuse out of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  5. Ca2+ binds to proteins causing contractions
  6. Acetylcholinesterase breaks it down in the cleft.
43
Q

The Sarcomere

A
  • Region between the two Z lines

- Shortens when muscles contract

44
Q

Z Line

A

Holds together thin actin filaments

45
Q

M Line

A

Holds together thick myosin filaments

46
Q

Thick Myosin Filaments

A

Are made of of bundles of the fibrous protein myosin, each molecule has a tail attached to the M line and a head.

47
Q

Thin Actin Filaments

A

Made up of two helical strands of globular proteins, around this coils a fibrous protein called Tropomyosin. Attached at regular intervals to the tropomyosin and actin are Troponin complexes

48
Q

The Sliding Filament Model

A

When Ca ions are released into the Sarcoplasm they bind to the troponin molecules, so it changes shape. Moves the tropomyosin exposing the binding sites.
Cross bridges form as the myosin heads attach to the sites, when they bend it is pulled along so it overlaps causing a power stroke.
ATP caused them to detach and its hydrolysed into ADP and Pi

49
Q

ATP production for muscle contraction

A
  • Initially ATP is used as an immediate energy source, but not enough is stored.
  • Creatine Phosphate from the sarcoplasm is broken down into ATP
  • Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose from the blood in the mitochondria for ATP
  • Anaerobic respiration used but forms lactic acid.
50
Q

Electromyograph

A

Electrodes placed on the skin can detect electrical signals

Alevel Biology OCR A (26 decks)

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