5.1.4 Hormonal Communication COMPLETE

Question 1

DEFINITION- Hormone

Answer 1

Molecules secreted from endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream, carry signal from a gland to a tissue

Question 2

DEFINITION- Endocrine Gland

Answer 2

A group of cells that secrete hormones directly into blood capillaries, i.e. insulin

Question 3

DEFINITION- Exocrine Gland

Answer 3

Secrete molecules into ducts, i.e. bile, saliva

Question 4

DEFINITION- Target Cells

Answer 4

Cells that possess a specific receptor on their plasma membrane

Question 5

DEFINITION- First Messenger

Answer 5

They bind to a receptor on the plasma membrane causing the release of a secondary messenger (i.e. a hormone)

Question 6

DEFINITION-Cyclic AMP

Answer 6

A secondary messenger, converted from ATP which activates many enzyme controlled reactions

Question 7

DEFINITION- Second Messenger

Answer 7

Stimulates a response within the cell, promoted by hormones

Question 8

DEFINITION- Pancreatic Duct

Answer 8

Carries the pancreatic juice to the small intestine

Question 9

DEFINITION- Islets of Langerhans

Answer 9

Contain Alpha and Beta cells that secrete glucagon and insulin

Question 10

DEFINITION- Insulin

Answer 10

Hormone that stimulates glucose being converted into glycogen (Beta)

Question 11

DEFINITION- Glucagon

Answer 11

Hormone that stimulates glycogen back into glucose (Alpha)

Question 12

DEFINITION- Glucose

Answer 12

A simple sugar that is used as a fuel in many organisms

Question 13

DEFINITION- Glycogenesis

Answer 13

Glucose -> Glycogen (Liver)

Question 14

DEFINITION- Gluconeogenesis

Answer 14

Amino Acids + Glycerol -> Glucose

Question 15

DEFINITION- Glycogenolysis

Answer 15

Glycogen broken down into Glucose

Question 16

DEFINITION- Adrenal Medulla

Answer 16

Part of the Adrenal Glands that secrete adrenaline when the body’s stressed

Question 17

DEFINITION- Adrenal Cortex

Answer 17

Part of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones

Question 18

DEFINITION- Hepatocytes

Answer 18

Liver Cells

Question 19

DEFINITION- Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 19

Regulation of glucagon and insulin doesn’t work so blood glucose levels are not regulated properly

Question 20

DEFINITION- Hyperglycaemia

Answer 20

High Blood glucose causing damage to nerves and vessels

Question 21

DEFINITION- Hypoglaecemia

Answer 21

Low blood glucose levels that may lead to loss of consciousness

Question 22

DEFINITION- Exocytosis

Answer 22

Transportation of products through the cytoplasm and cell membrane

Question 23

DEFINITION- Adrenaline

Answer 23

Stress hormone that is secreted to increases heart rate and breathing.

Question 24

Fancy name for Diabetes

Answer 24

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 25

Non steroid Hormones

Answer 25

e.g. adrenaline and insulin derivatives from amino acids are water soluble and bind to the plasma membrane receptors generating a secondary messenger response

Question 26

First Messengers

Answer 26

Bind to receptor on the cell surface membrane causing t release of a second messenger. Often act via a G protein

Question 27

Second Messenger

Answer 27

Once G protein is activated, Adenylyl cyclase catalyses the conversion of ATP into cAMP which starts a cascade of enzyme controlled reactions

Question 28

Steroid Hormones

Answer 28

e.g. testosterone and oestrogen | Lipid soluble so passes directly through the cell surface membrane and binds with a specific receptor in the cytoplasm

Question 29

ADRENAL CORTEX- Mineralocorticoids

Answer 29

Control levels of Na+ and K+ in the blood. Maintaining blood pressure by increasing and decreasing their absorption

Question 30

ADRENAL CORTEX- Glucocorticoids

Answer 30

Released in response to stress, stimulate glucose production by controlling metabolism of carbohydrates, fats etc.

Question 31

ADRENAL CORTEX- Androgens

Answer 31

Taken in by the ovaries and testes and converted into sex hormones e.g. oestrogen

Question 32

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Answer 32

1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Androgens

Question 33

Protein Kinases

Answer 33

Enzymes activated by cAMP which trigger the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Question 34

Location of the exocrine tissues in pancreas

Answer 34

ACINUS, cells found in groups surrounding tiny tubules

Question 35

Exocrine details for pancreas

Answer 35

Pancreatic juice is released from cells and secreted into tubules at the centre of the group. These join to form interlobular ducts which join to form the pancreatic duct, joining to the duodenum.

Question 36

Endocrine location in the pancreas

Answer 36

Islets of Langerhans, which are a group of lightly stained cells

Question 37

Alpha Cells

Answer 37

Produce glucagon

Question 38

Beta Cells

Answer 38

Produce insulin

Question 39

Insulin Secretion from beta cells (Process )

Answer 39

1. K+ diffuse out through channels, RP of -70mV 2. Glucose enters cells via facilitated diffusion and becomes ATP 3. K+ channels shut as sensitive to ATP levels 4. K+ stop diffusing out so MP -30mV 4. Change in MP cause Ca2+ channels to open 5. They diffuse into cell and cause vesicles of insulin to be released

Question 40

Glucose -> ATP

Answer 40

Glucose is phosphorylated by the enzyme Glucokinase , then its metabolised into ATP

Question 41

Normal blood glucose concentration

Answer 41

90mg/100cm3

Question 42

Reaction to high blood glucose

Answer 42

GLYCOGENESIS- glucose converted into glycogen in the liver and muscles. More used in respiration, converted into fats, more glucose transporter proteins

Question 43

Reaction to low blood glucose

Answer 43

GLYCOGENOLYSIS - glycogen broken down into glucose in the liver GLUCONEOGENESIS- amino acids and glycerol converted into glucose in the liver More fatty acids used for respiration

Question 44

Relationship between Insulin and Glucagon

Answer 44

ANTAGONISTIC, as have opposite effects so concentrations will fluctuate.

Question 45

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 45

- Beta cells cant produce insulin - Unknown cause - Symptoms are manageable

Question 46

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 46

- Can't effectively use the insulin - Beta cells don't produce enough insulin/ not the proper response from insulin receptor - Cells lose the responsiveness to insulin - Result of of excess body weight and eating refined carbs

Question 47

Type 1 treatments

Answer 47

- Regular insulin injections - Prick finger to test blood for glucose - insulin injections increase glucose absorbtion

Question 48

Type 2 treatments

Answer 48

- Regulate carb intake and exercise to lose weight | - Drugs can stimulate insulin production

Question 49

Advantages of GM Insulin

Answer 49

- Pure form so less likely to cause allergic reactions - Can produce higher quantities - Cheaper production costs - Overcome ethical concerns withering animals

Question 50

Stem Cells for diabetes treatment

Answer 50

- Replace the faulty beta cells in the islets of langerhans - Demand for transplants outweighs the availability - Beta cell injections usually less likely to be rejected than organ transplants