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Alevel Biology OCR A > 5.1.4 Hormonal Communication COMPLETE > Flashcards

5.1.4 Hormonal Communication COMPLETE Flashcards

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1
Q

DEFINITION- Hormone

A

Molecules secreted from endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream, carry signal from a gland to a tissue

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2
Q

DEFINITION- Endocrine Gland

A

A group of cells that secrete hormones directly into blood capillaries, i.e. insulin

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3
Q

DEFINITION- Exocrine Gland

A

Secrete molecules into ducts, i.e. bile, saliva

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4
Q

DEFINITION- Target Cells

A

Cells that possess a specific receptor on their plasma membrane

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5
Q

DEFINITION- First Messenger

A

They bind to a receptor on the plasma membrane causing the release of a secondary messenger (i.e. a hormone)

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6
Q

DEFINITION-Cyclic AMP

A

A secondary messenger, converted from ATP which activates many enzyme controlled reactions

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7
Q

DEFINITION- Second Messenger

A

Stimulates a response within the cell, promoted by hormones

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8
Q

DEFINITION- Pancreatic Duct

A

Carries the pancreatic juice to the small intestine

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9
Q

DEFINITION- Islets of Langerhans

A

Contain Alpha and Beta cells that secrete glucagon and insulin

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10
Q

DEFINITION- Insulin

A

Hormone that stimulates glucose being converted into glycogen (Beta)

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11
Q

DEFINITION- Glucagon

A

Hormone that stimulates glycogen back into glucose (Alpha)

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12
Q

DEFINITION- Glucose

A

A simple sugar that is used as a fuel in many organisms

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13
Q

DEFINITION- Glycogenesis

A

Glucose -> Glycogen (Liver)

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14
Q

DEFINITION- Gluconeogenesis

A

Amino Acids + Glycerol -> Glucose

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15
Q

DEFINITION- Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen broken down into Glucose

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16
Q

DEFINITION- Adrenal Medulla

A

Part of the Adrenal Glands that secrete adrenaline when the body’s stressed

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17
Q

DEFINITION- Adrenal Cortex

A

Part of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones

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18
Q

DEFINITION- Hepatocytes

A

Liver Cells

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19
Q

DEFINITION- Diabetes Mellitus

A

Regulation of glucagon and insulin doesn’t work so blood glucose levels are not regulated properly

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20
Q

DEFINITION- Hyperglycaemia

A

High Blood glucose causing damage to nerves and vessels

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21
Q

DEFINITION- Hypoglaecemia

A

Low blood glucose levels that may lead to loss of consciousness

22
Q

DEFINITION- Exocytosis

A

Transportation of products through the cytoplasm and cell membrane

23
Q

DEFINITION- Adrenaline

A

Stress hormone that is secreted to increases heart rate and breathing.

24
Q

Fancy name for Diabetes

A

Diabetes Mellitus

25
Q

Non steroid Hormones

A

e.g. adrenaline and insulin
derivatives from amino acids are water soluble and bind to the plasma membrane receptors generating a secondary messenger response

26
Q

First Messengers

A

Bind to receptor on the cell surface membrane causing t release of a second messenger. Often act via a G protein

27
Q

Second Messenger

A

Once G protein is activated, Adenylyl cyclase catalyses the conversion of ATP into cAMP which starts a cascade of enzyme controlled reactions

28
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

e.g. testosterone and oestrogen

Lipid soluble so passes directly through the cell surface membrane and binds with a specific receptor in the cytoplasm

29
Q

ADRENAL CORTEX- Mineralocorticoids

A

Control levels of Na+ and K+ in the blood. Maintaining blood pressure by increasing and decreasing their absorption

30
Q

ADRENAL CORTEX- Glucocorticoids

A

Released in response to stress, stimulate glucose production by controlling metabolism of carbohydrates, fats etc.

31
Q

ADRENAL CORTEX- Androgens

A

Taken in by the ovaries and testes and converted into sex hormones e.g. oestrogen

32
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Androgens
33
Q

Protein Kinases

A

Enzymes activated by cAMP which trigger the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

34
Q

Location of the exocrine tissues in pancreas

A

ACINUS, cells found in groups surrounding tiny tubules

35
Q

Exocrine details for pancreas

A

Pancreatic juice is released from cells and secreted into tubules at the centre of the group. These join to form interlobular ducts which join to form the pancreatic duct, joining to the duodenum.

36
Q

Endocrine location in the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans, which are a group of lightly stained cells

37
Q

Alpha Cells

A

Produce glucagon

38
Q

Beta Cells

A

Produce insulin

39
Q

Insulin Secretion from beta cells (Process )

A
  1. K+ diffuse out through channels, RP of -70mV
  2. Glucose enters cells via facilitated diffusion and becomes ATP
  3. K+ channels shut as sensitive to ATP levels
  4. K+ stop diffusing out so MP -30mV
  5. Change in MP cause Ca2+ channels to open
  6. They diffuse into cell and cause vesicles of insulin to be released
40
Q

Glucose -> ATP

A

Glucose is phosphorylated by the enzyme Glucokinase , then its metabolised into ATP

41
Q

Normal blood glucose concentration

A

90mg/100cm3

42
Q

Reaction to high blood glucose

A

GLYCOGENESIS- glucose converted into glycogen in the liver and muscles. More used in respiration, converted into fats, more glucose transporter proteins

43
Q

Reaction to low blood glucose

A

GLYCOGENOLYSIS - glycogen broken down into glucose in the liver
GLUCONEOGENESIS- amino acids and glycerol converted into glucose in the liver
More fatty acids used for respiration

44
Q

Relationship between Insulin and Glucagon

A

ANTAGONISTIC, as have opposite effects so concentrations will fluctuate.

45
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • Beta cells cant produce insulin
  • Unknown cause
  • Symptoms are manageable
46
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • Can’t effectively use the insulin
  • Beta cells don’t produce enough insulin/ not the proper response from insulin receptor
  • Cells lose the responsiveness to insulin
  • Result of of excess body weight and eating refined carbs
47
Q

Type 1 treatments

A
  • Regular insulin injections
  • Prick finger to test blood for glucose
  • insulin injections increase glucose absorbtion
48
Q

Type 2 treatments

A
  • Regulate carb intake and exercise to lose weight

- Drugs can stimulate insulin production

49
Q

Advantages of GM Insulin

A
  • Pure form so less likely to cause allergic reactions
  • Can produce higher quantities
  • Cheaper production costs
  • Overcome ethical concerns withering animals
50
Q

Stem Cells for diabetes treatment

A
  • Replace the faulty beta cells in the islets of langerhans
  • Demand for transplants outweighs the availability
  • Beta cell injections usually less likely to be rejected than organ transplants

Alevel Biology OCR A (26 decks)

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