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Alevel Biology OCR A > 4.2.2 Classification and Evolution COMPLETE > Flashcards

4.2.2 Classification and Evolution COMPLETE Flashcards

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1
Q

DEFINITION- Classification

A

Used to group life on earth, using the similarities and differences between organisms. Relies on observation but also molecular evidence

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2
Q

DEFINITION- Phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary relationships between species

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3
Q

DEFINITION- Evolution

A

The process of gradual change that occurs in living organisms

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4
Q

DEFINITION- Natural Selection

A

The mechanism that drives evolution

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5
Q

DEFINITION- Continuous Variation

A

When they lie within a range, i.e. height

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6
Q

DEFINITION- Discontinuous Variation

A

When somethings either one thing or another, i.e. eye colour

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7
Q

DEFINITION- Interspecific Variation

A

Variation between species

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8
Q

DEFINITION- Intraspecific Variation

A

Variation between individuals of the same species

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9
Q

DEFINITION- Divergent Evolution

A

Process where the same common ancestor evolves differently leading to different species being created

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10
Q

DEFINITION- Convergent Evolution

A

The evolution of similar features in distantly related species, traits that are selected by the environment. Will have similar ecological niches

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11
Q

DEFINITION- Adaption

A

A feature that enhances survival and long term reproductive success

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12
Q

DEFINITION- Anatomical adaptions

A

Any structure that enhances the survival of the organism

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13
Q

DEFINITION- Behavioural adaptions

A

Any aspect of behaviour that allows organisms to survive where it lives

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14
Q

DEFINITION- Physiological adaptions

A

Ensures the correct functioning of cell processes

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15
Q

DEFINITION- Analogous Structures

A

Structures that have similar form or function, but have evolved separately

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16
Q

DEFINITION- Normal Distribution

A

Symmetrical bell shaped graph

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17
Q

DEFINITION- Species

A

A group of organisms very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics that can breed together and produce fertile offspring

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18
Q

Order of Taxonomic Groups

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Order 
Family 
Genus
Species 
(Dirty kinky pigs can only fly going sideways)
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19
Q

Binomial System

A

First word= Genus, Capital letter
Second word= Species, Lowercase
Must be in italics or underlined

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20
Q

The five kingdoms

A
  1. Prokaryote
  2. Protoctists
  3. Fungi
  4. Plants
  5. Animals
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21
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • No nucleus
  • Loop of DNA
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Smaller cells
  • Peptidoglycan cell walls
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22
Q

Protoctists

A
  • Eukaryote
  • Mostly single celled
  • wide variety of forms so underlying features don’t match
  • Mostly free living
  • Autotrophic/ heterotrophic
23
Q

Fungi

A
  • Eukaryote
  • Cell walls made of Chitin
  • Mostly free living, single cells
  • Saprophytic nutrition
  • Store food as glycogen
24
Q

Plants

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Autotrophic nutrition
  • Contain chlorophyll and store food as starch
25
Q

Animals

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophic nutrition
  • Usually move around and store food as glycogen
26
Q

Heterotrophic Nutrition

A

Digest larger organic molecules to form smaller ones for absorption

27
Q

Cytochrome C

A

All respiring organisms use Cytochrome C but the protein code is not the same. By comparing the amino acid sequence you can find the evolutionary distance of species.

28
Q

DNA/RNA for classification

A

DNA sequences change due to mutations, the more differences found indicates more evolutionary distance

29
Q

The Three domains

A
  1. Eukarya
  2. Archaea
  3. Bacteria
30
Q

Archaea

A

More closely related to eukaryotes than Bacteria but still belong to the Prokaryotes.

31
Q

Eukarya

A

All life except Prokaryotes, share characteristics such as having a nucleus.

32
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

Displays the evolutionary relationship between species, the closer they appear the more related they are, converging lines means they share a common ancestor.

33
Q

Why is variation important

A

Maintains ecosystems, reduces chance of genetic defects, allows evolution, better chance to cope with environmental changes

34
Q

Causes of Genetic Variation

A
  1. Alleles
  2. Mutations
  3. Meiosis
  4. Sexual Reproduction
  5. Chance
35
Q

Alleles on Genetic Variation

A

Genes have different alleles so can produce different effects. Individuals may inherit different alleles

36
Q

Mutation on Genetic Variation

A

Changes to the DNA sequence can lead to changes in the proteins and consequently different physical and metabolic characteristics

37
Q

Meiosis on Genetic Variation

A

Gametes are produced by meiosis and each one receives half its contents form each parent. Genetic material is mixed up by independent assortment and crossing over

38
Q

Sexual Reproduction on Genetic Variation

A

Offspring form two individuals inherit genes from each parent.
More variation with organisms that sexually reproduce

39
Q

Chance of Genetic Variation

A

All gametes produced from parental genome are different.

All offspring contain a unique combination of genetic material.

40
Q

Genotype

A

The combination of alleles in an organism

41
Q

Phenotype

A

Characteristics seen in an organism

42
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Calculates the dispersion of data

43
Q

Spearman’s Rank

A

Used to work out if a correlation is statistically significant, answers will range from +1 to -1, closer to 0 means less correlation

44
Q

Three Categories of Adaption

A
  1. Behavioural
  2. Anatomical
  3. Physiological/ Biochemical
45
Q

Marram Grass Adaptions

A

Anatomical- Long roots, pitted stomata, thick waxy cuticle, curled leaves
Behavioural- Closing stomata, quick growth
Physiological- Guard cells opening & closing stomata, Lower water potential as salty conditions

46
Q

Evidence for Evolution

A
  1. Fossil Record
  2. Modern Evidence
  3. Darwins Natural Selection
47
Q

Fossil Record

A

Show as species get more complex as well as the extinction and arrival of life forms. Used to form Phylogenetic trees.
PROBLEM- soft tissue decays, tectonic plates cause damage, not all found so still incomplete

48
Q

Modern Evidence

A

Looking at Biological molecules, Protein variation and DNA sequencing

49
Q

Darwins Deductions

A
  1. Since most offspring don’t survive (large numbers produced) there must be a struggle for survival/ competition.
  2. The ones with characteristics enabling survival and reproduction will pass on the characteristics.
50
Q

How natural selection works

A
  1. The resources needed for survival are limited
  2. Some varieties have a better chance of survival, so they reproduce and pass on alleles.
  3. Therefore greater proportion of the next generation will have those genes
  4. Over many generations the species become better at surviving and the ‘best’ features are naturally selected
51
Q

Selection pressures

A

Individuals don’t adapt, the population does.
The environmental feature that selects the individuals advantageous gene is the selection pressure.
i.e. food availability, predation, climate

52
Q

Pesticide Resistance

A

Humans create a selection pressure by using pesticides, the resistance develops in different ways:

  • Insects become able to metabolise insecticide
  • Target receptor on the cell membrane is modified
53
Q

Problems with Pesticide Resistance

A
  • More insects means more disease as they carry them
  • Becomes more concentrated on the food chain as those who survive the pesticide are eaten by predators and pass it on (Bioaccumulation)
  • Crop loss
54
Q

Devils Face Tumour Disease

A

A tumour that is spread when hosts bite each other, a cancer fighting genome is quickly being developed to cope with the selection pressure. Therefore the Devils are quickly adapting to survive the cancer.

Alevel Biology OCR A (26 decks)

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