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Biology > 6.3.2 - Populations and sustainability > Flashcards

6.3.2 - Populations and sustainability Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a limiting factor

A

An environmental resource or constraint that limits population growth

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2
Q

Give an example of limiting factors

A

Availability of food

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3
Q

What are the phases of the population growth curve ?

A
  • Phase one - slow growth
  • Phase two - rapid growth
  • Phase three - stable state
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4
Q

Describe phase one pf the population growth curve

A
  • The small numbers of individuals that are initially present reproduce increasing the total population
  • As the birth rate is higher than the death rate, the population increases
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5
Q

Describe phase two of the population growth curve

A
  • As the number of breeding individuals increases, the total population multiplies exponentially
  • No constraints act to limit the population explosion
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6
Q

Describe phase three of the population growth curve

A
  • Further population growth is prevented by external constraints
  • During this time the population size fluctuates, but overall its size remains relatively stable.
  • Birth rates and death rates are approximately equal
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7
Q

What do limiting factors prevent ?

A

They prevent further growth of a population and in some cases cause it to decline

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8
Q

What can limiting factors be divided into ?

A

Abiotic and biotic factors

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9
Q

What are abiotic factors ?

A
  • Non living factors

- Temperature, light, pH, the availability of water or oxygen and humidity

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10
Q

What are biotic factors ?

A
  • Living factors

- Predators, disease and competition

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11
Q

Define carrying capacity

A

The maximum population size that an environment can support

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12
Q

What else affects population size ?

A

Migration

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13
Q

Define immigration

A

The movement of individual organisms into a particular area

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14
Q

How does immigration affect population size ?

A

It increases population size

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15
Q

Define emigration

A

The movement of individual organisms away from a particular area

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16
Q

How does emigration affect population size ?

A

It decreases population size

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17
Q

What are density independent factors ?

A

Factors that have an effect on the whole population regardless of its size

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18
Q

Give some examples of density independent factors

A
  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Fires
  • Storms
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19
Q

What can these factors lead to ?

A

They can remove whole populations of a species from a region

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20
Q

What can organisms compete for ?

A
  • Food
  • Shelter
  • Space
  • Light
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21
Q

What is competition ?

A
  • Competition is a result of the interactions between living organism
  • It has a significant effect on the number of organisms present in an area
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22
Q

What are the two types of competition ?

A
  • Interspecific competition

- Intraspecific competition

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23
Q

What is interspecific competition ?

A

Competition between different species

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24
Q

What is intraspecific competition ?

A

Competition between members of the same species

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25
Q

When does interspecific competition occur ?

A

Occurs when two or more different species of organism compete for the same resource

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26
Q

What does competition over a resource lead to ?

A

Leads to a reduction of the resource available for both populations

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27
Q

What happens when one species is less adapted to the other that it competes with ?

A

The species gets outcompeted

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28
Q

What does an organism being outcompeted lead to ?

A

If conditions stay the same, the less well adapted species will decline in number until it can no longer exist in the habitat alongside the better adapted species

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29
Q

Define the competitive exclusion principle

A

Where two species are competing for limited resources, the one that uses the resources more effectively will ultimately eliminate the other

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30
Q

When does intraspecific competition occur ?

A

When members of the same species compete for the same resource

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31
Q

What determines the population size in intraspecific competition ?

A

The availability of the resource

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32
Q

What does a change in the availability of resources result in ?

A

It leads to a fluctuation in the number of organisms present in a particular population over time

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33
Q

Describe stage 1 of the diagram for the effects of intraspecific competition over time

A
  • When a resource is plentiful in a habitat all organisms have enough of the resource to survive and reproduce
  • This results in an increase in population size
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34
Q

Describe stage 2 of the diagram for the effects of intraspecific competition over time

A
  • As a result of the increased population, there are many more individuals that share the food or space available
  • Not enough is available for all organisms to survive
  • The population will decrease in size
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35
Q

Describe stage 3 of the diagram for the effects of intraspecific competition over time

A
  • Less competition exists as the smaller population means that less organisms are competing for the same resources
  • This means more organisms survive and reproduce, resulting in population growth
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36
Q

What happens once the cycle of stages is over ?

A

The cycle of events will repeat

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37
Q

What is predation ?

A

Predation is when the predator kills and eats the prey

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38
Q

What is predation a type of ?

A

It is a type of interspecific competition, operating between prey and predator species

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39
Q

How have predators evolved ?

A

They have evolved to become highly efficient at capturing prey

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40
Q

How have prey evolved ?

A
  • They have evolved to avoid capture

- Mimicry or other defence mechanisms

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41
Q

How are the sizes of the predator and prey populations interlinked ?

A

As the population of one organism changes, it causes a change in the size of the other population

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42
Q

What does this lead to ?

A

This results in fluctuations in the size of both populations

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43
Q

Describe stage one of the predator prey relationship

A
  • An increase in the prey population provides more food for the predators, allowing more to survive and reproduce
    • This in turn results in an increase in the predator population
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44
Q

Describe stage two of the predator prey relationship

A

The increases predator population eats more prey organisms, causing a decline in the prey population

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45
Q

Describe stage three of the predator prey relationship

A
  • The reduced prey population can no longer support the large predator population
    • Intraspecific competition for food increases, resulting in a decrease in the size of the predator population
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46
Q

Describe stage four of the predator prey relationship

A
  • Reduced predator numbers result in less of the prey population being killed
    • More prey organisms survive and reproduce, increasing the prey population
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47
Q

What is N ?

A

Number of population

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48
Q

What is R ?

A

The growth rate

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49
Q

What is K ?

A

The carrying capacity

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50
Q

How do you work out growth rate ?

A

Number of people born - the number of people that die

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51
Q

What are the different types of survivorship curves ?

A
  • Type 1
  • Type 2
  • Type 3
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52
Q

Describe the type 1 survivorship curve

A

Most organisms will survive to start with, they will then grow and eventually this will drop off and they will die

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53
Q

Describe the type 2 survivorship curve

A

It involves a continual decline until they are all dead

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54
Q

Describe the type 3 survivorship curve

A

Most of them die to start off with and then they level off for a bit and over time the rest of them slowly die

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55
Q

What are R selected species ?

A

An R selected species is one that bases its life on the growth rate, they want to grow as quickly as possible

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56
Q

What are the characteristics of R related species ?

A
  • Live in an unstable environment
  • High fecundity, have lots of babies
  • Small body size
  • Early maturity
  • Dispersed offspring
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57
Q

What are K selected species ?

A

K selected species are based upon the carrying capacity

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58
Q

What are the characteristics of K related species ?

A
  • They want to live longer
  • Lots of parental care
  • They have a large body size
  • Long life expectancy
  • Fewer offspring
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59
Q

What is predation ?

A

Predation is when the predator kills and eats the prey

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60
Q

What is predation a type of ?

A

It is a type of interspecific competition, operating between prey and predator species

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61
Q

How have predators evolved ?

A

They have evolved to become highly efficient at capturing prey

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62
Q

How have prey evolved ?

A
  • They have evolved to avoid capture

- Mimicry or other defence mechanisms

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63
Q

How are the sizes of the predator and prey populations interlinked ?

A

As the population of one organism changes, it causes a change in the size of the other population

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64
Q

What does this lead to ?

A

This results in fluctuations in the size of both populations

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65
Q

Describe stage one of the predator prey relationship graph

A
  • An increase in the prey population provides more food for the predators, allowing more to survive and reproduce
    • This in turn results in an increase in the predator population
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66
Q

Describe stage two of the predator prey relationship graph

A

The increases predator population eats more prey organisms, causing a decline in the prey population

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67
Q

Describe stage three of the predator prey relationship graph

A
  • The reduced prey population can no longer support the large predator population
    • Intraspecific competition for food increases, resulting in a decrease in the size of the predator population
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68
Q

Describe stage four of the predator prey relationship graph

A
  • Reduced predator numbers result in less of the prey population being killed
    • More prey organisms survive and reproduce, increasing the prey population
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69
Q

What does conservation mean ?

A

Conservation means the maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management

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70
Q

What does conservation include ?

A

This includes maintaining diversity between species, maintaining genetic diversity within a species and the maintenance of habitats

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71
Q

What does conservation involve doing ?

A
  • Management of ecosystems so that the natural resources in them can be used without running out
    • This is known as sustainable development
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72
Q

What is reclamation ?

A
  • A conservation approach

- It is the process of restoring ecosystems that have been damaged or destroyed

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73
Q

What techniques does reclamation involve ?

A

Controlled burning of an area of a forest, which can halt succession and increase biodiversity

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74
Q

What is conservation said to be and why ?

A
  • Dynamic

- It needs to adapt to constant change

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75
Q

What does preservation mean ?

A

It is the protection of an area by restricting or banning human interference, so that the ecosystem is kept in its original state

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76
Q

When is the term preservation most commonly used ?

A

When preserving ecologically, archaeologically or paleontologically sensitive resources

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77
Q

When lands are preserved what is not allowed ?

A
  • Visitation along with most other activities is not allowed

- Except by those who manage and monitor such areas

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78
Q

What is more commonly preserved ?

A

Objects and buildings

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79
Q

What is more commonly conserved ?

A

Natural environment

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80
Q

What are the three main categories for conservation ?

A
  • Economic
  • Social
  • Ethical
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81
Q

What are the economic reasons for conservation ?

A
  • To provide resources that humans need to survive and to provide an income
    • e.g. medicinal drugs and food
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82
Q

What are the social reasons for conservation ?

A

Many people enjoy the natural beauty of wild ecosystems as well as using them for activities which are beneficial to health by providing a means of relaxation and exercise

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83
Q

What are the ethical reasons for conservation ?

A
  • All organisms have a right to exist and most play an important role within their ecosystem
  • We have a moral responsibility for future generations to conserve the wide variety of existing natural ecosystems
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84
Q

What can the intensive methods to exploit environmental resources lead to ?

A
  • Destruction of ecosystems
  • Reduction in biodiversity
  • Depletion of resources
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85
Q

What is a sustainable resource ?

A

A renewable resource that is being economically exploited in such a way that it will not diminish or run out

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86
Q

What are the key aims of sustainability ?

A
  • Preserve the environment
  • Ensure resources are available for future generations
  • Allow humans in all societies to live comfortably
  • Enable LEDCs to develop, through exploiting their natural resources
  • Create a more even balance in the consumption of these resources between MEDCs and LEDCs
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87
Q

Along with sustainable management, what else should be done ?

A

Existing resources should be used more efficiently

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88
Q

How does using existing resources more efficiently help ?

A

Prevents finite resources being used up so quickly

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89
Q

As technology improves what can occur ?

A

Alternatives may be developed that could ease the strain on current finite resources

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90
Q

What is the downside of improving technology ?

A
  • May take many years to develop
  • Be more costly
  • Have negative environmental effects of their own
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91
Q

What does sustainable management of forests allow for ?

A

Maintenance of a forests biodiversity, while sustaining both our supply of wood and the economic viability of timber production

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92
Q

What are the techniques to produce sustainable timber on a small scale ?

A
  • Coppicing

- Pollarding

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93
Q

What is coppicing ?

A
  • This is a technique where a tree trunk is cut close to the ground
  • New shoots form from the cut surface and mature
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94
Q

Describe how coppicing takes place in a woodland

A
  • The woodland is divided into sections and trees are only cut in a particular section until all have been coppiced
  • Coppicing then begins in another area allowing time for the newly coppiced trees to grow.
  • This process continues until you reach the trees that were coppiced first
  • These will now have grown to mature and the cycle will restart
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95
Q

How does rotational coppicing maintain biodiversity ?

A
  • The trees never grow enough to block out the light

- So succession cannot occur and so more species can survive

96
Q

What is pollarding ?

A
  • Similar to coppicing but the trunk is cut higher up

- This is so deer and other animals cannot eat the new shoots as they appear

97
Q

How can sustainable timber be produced on a larger scale?

A
  • Felling large areas of forest

- The felled trees are destroyed and will not regrow

98
Q

To ensure that production is sustainable what do companies do ?

A
  • Practise selective cutting, removing only the larger trees
  • Replace trees through replanting rather than allowing them to regenerate
  • Plant trees an optimal distance apart
  • Manage pests and pathogens to maximise yields
  • Ensure that areas of forest remain for indigenous people
99
Q

Why do they replace trees rather than waiting for regeneration ?

A

Ensure that the biodiversity and mineral and water cycles are maintained

100
Q

Why do they plant trees an optimal distance apart from each other ?

A

To reduce competition

101
Q

What is the major disadvantage of tree felling ?

A
  • Habitats are destroyed
  • Soil minerals are reduced
  • Bare soil which is left is susceptible to erosion
102
Q

What are trees important for ?

A
  • Binding soil together
  • Removing water from soil
  • Maintaining nutrient levels through their roles in the nitrogen and carbon cycles
103
Q

What has overfishing led to ?

A

Populations of some species of fish decreasing significantly

104
Q

What happens to the fish that are overfished ?

A

These fish are then unable to regenerate, meaning that they will no longer be able to provide us with a food source in the future

105
Q

What do fishing quotas do ?

A

They provide limits on the numbers of certain species of fish that are allowed to be caught in a particular

106
Q

What is the aim of fishing quotas ?

A

This allows the fish to reproduce sufficiently to maintain their population

107
Q

What are some other techniques to prevent overfishing ?

A
  • Have a minimum net mesh size
    • Immature fish can escape. Only mature fish are caught, thus allowing breeding to continue.
  • Limit fishing to certain times of the year
    • Protects the breeding season of some fish species and allows the fish levels to increase back to a sustainable level
  • Set up fish farms instead of wild fishing
    • Maintains the supply of fish protein, whilst preventing the loss of wild species, maintains biodiversity, can monitor disease
108
Q

What is a peat bog ?

A

A peat bog is a region of wet, spongy ground that contains decomposing vegetation

109
Q

What do peat bogs store ?

A

Carbon dioxide

110
Q

What does burning peat release ?

A
  • Thermal energy

- Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

111
Q

Why is preserving peat bogs important ?

A
  • Prevents further climate change

- Take thousands of years for them to form

112
Q

How is peat useful for farmers ?

A

They mix it with soil to improve soil structure and to increase acidity

113
Q

What are some good properties of peat ?

A
  • Has favourable moisture moisture retaining properties when soil is dry
  • Prevents excess water killing roots when soil is wet
  • Can store nutrients, but it is not fertile in itself
114
Q

How does peat form ?

A

When plant material is inhibited from fully decaying by acidic and anaerobic conditions

115
Q

In what conditions does peat form ?

A

Wet or boggy areas, and therefore peat is mainly composed of wetland vegetation including mosses, sedges and shrubs

116
Q

What plants grow in peat ?

A
  • Sphagnum mosses
  • Bog cotton
  • Cottonsedge
117
Q

What animals live in peat ?

A
  • Butterflies
  • Moths
  • Dragonflies
  • Damselflies
  • Insects
  • Spiders
  • Frogs
118
Q

Why is it important that the remaining peat bogs are conserved ?

A
  • Flood management
  • Erosion control downstream
  • Carbon storage
119
Q

What has caused the drying out of peat bogs ?

A
  • Afforestation
  • Peat extraction
  • Agricultural intensfication
    • Land drainage
120
Q

What is afforestation ?

A

The establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest

121
Q

How do you conserve areas of lowland bog ?

A
  • Ensure that the peat and vegetation of the bog surface is undisturbed and wet.
  • Tree removal
  • Use controlled grazing to maintain the biodiversity of a peatland
  • Intensive land use threatens the existence of the remaining peatlands in the UK
  • RSPB
122
Q

Ensuring that the peat and vegetation of the bog surface is undisturbed and wet

A
  • Most bogs are surrounded by ditches to allow for surface run off of water, which prevents flooding of land
    • In restoring a bog, ditch blocking may be required for a period of time to raise the water table to the bog surface
123
Q

Tree removal

A
  • Trees have a high water requirement due to transpiration.
  • Therefore any tree seedling that has the potential to remove water from an area of peatland should be removed to maintain water levels in the area
124
Q

Use controlled grazing to maintain the biodiversity of a peatland

A
  • It ensures a diverse wetland surface in terms of structure and species there.
    • This in turn provides a wide range of habitats for many species therefore increasing biodiversity
125
Q

RSPB

A
  • The RSPB is an organisation that is working to preserve the peatland ecosystem.
    • It is hoped that through the conservation work, an appropriate balance can be met between our need to exploit the land and the maintenance of a sustainable, biodiverse ecosystem
126
Q

What kind of an ecosystem is the Masai Mara Nature Reserve ?

A
  • Savannah ecosystem

- Divided by the main mara river

127
Q

What are the fertile regions close to the river like ?

A

A combination of rich grasslands and woodland

128
Q

What is the region like further away from the river ?

A

Open plains with scattered shrubs and trees

129
Q

What is the region famous for ?

A
  • Annual zebra and wildebeest migrations

- Is home to buffalos, elephants, leopards, lions and black rhinos

130
Q

What was the masai region dominated by in the past ?

A

Acacia bush

131
Q

What did the acacia bush provide ?

A

A habitat for the tsetse fly

132
Q

What do the tsetse fly carry ?

A

African trypanosomiasis AKA sleeping sickness

133
Q

What did the government do to try and reduce incidences of the disease ?

A

They cleared major tracts of acacia over the last 50 years

134
Q

In the past, what type of farming occurred in the masai region ?

A

Semi nomadic farming

135
Q

What did the tribes frequently moving lead to ?

A

Time for the vegetation to recover from animal grazing

136
Q

Why did the tribes frequently move ?

A

Depending on climate variation and the presence of the tsetse fly

137
Q

Where is grazing now limited to in the region ?

A

Areas on the edge of the reserve, as local tribes are prevented from entering the park

138
Q

What is occurring in the marginal areas where grazing is taking place in the masai region ?

A
  • Populations have grown
  • Larger herds graze
  • More trees are removed for fuel
  • Risk of soil erosion increases as vegetation is removed
139
Q

What is cultivation like in the masai region ?

A

It has increased in recent years

140
Q

What has converting grassland to cropland led to ?

A

Natural vegetation being removed and more nutrients in the soil being used up

141
Q

Over time, what does nutrients being used up cause to happen ?

A

Leads to a reliance on fertilisers for effective crop growth

142
Q

What does the masai mara rely on for economic input ?

A

Ecotourism

143
Q

What is ecotourism ?

A

Tourism directed towards natural environments, to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife

144
Q

What is the aim of ecotourism ?

A

It is a sustainable development which aims to reduce the impact that tourism has on natural environments

145
Q

What are the key principles of ecotourism ?

A
  • Ensure that tourism does not exploit the natural environment or local communities
  • Consult and engage with the local communities on planned developments
  • Ensure that infrastructure improvements benefit local people as well as visitors
146
Q

What are the possible negatives of ecotourism ?

A

Tourist movements such as the repeated use of hiking trails, or the use of mechanised transport can contribute to soil erosion and other habitat changes

147
Q

The MMNR and conservation

A

The nature reserve plays an important role in the conservation of endangered species

148
Q

Black rhinos

A

They are one of the most endangered animals in africa and are on the IUCN critically endangered list

149
Q

Why are black rhinos traded and poached ?

A
  • Rhino horn is in huge demand due to its use in traditional medicine
  • Sums of money are offered to trade in this material
150
Q

What was established to encourage a balance between the needs of local communities and wildlife ?

A

An active conservation and protection programme

151
Q

What did this conservation programme in the NNMR involve ?

A

Employment of reserve rangers, and the provision of communication equipment, vehicles and other necessary equipment and infrastructure

152
Q

What have the measures in the MMNR conservation project led to ?

A

They have helped to deter poachers from entering the reserve

153
Q

Why does there have to be a constant balance between the human and animal populations in the MMNR ?

A

Increasing wildlife density threatens pastoral and cultivation lifestyles

154
Q

In what ways does the MMNR strike a balance ?

A
  • Land being fenced
  • Legal hunting
  • Diseases being introduced
  • Building more homes
155
Q

Land being fenced

A
  • Elephants in particular threaten cultivation as they are often responsible for crop trampling and damage to homesteads
  • Land is therefore fenced but it can have a negative effect on natural migration
156
Q

Legal hunting

A
  • Used to cull excess animals
  • This can successfully maintain population numbers and bring in money for conservation work
  • However, the numbers must be monitored to ensure that levels are sufficient to maintain the natural balance
157
Q

Diseases being introduced

A
  • Livestock face threats from migratory wildlife, diseases are then introduced to the domesticated animal population
  • Equally, the domesticated cattle eat vegetation that could be used by migrating zebras and wildebeest, and diseases can spread from the domestic to the wild animals
158
Q

Building more homes

A
  • As the human population expands more homes are required as well as land for cattle and agriculture.
  • Evidence suggests that wildlife density declines significantly as the density of the built environment rises
159
Q

What kind of an ecosystem is the Masai Mara Nature Reserve ?

A
  • Savannah ecosystem

- Divided by the main mara river

160
Q

What are the fertile regions close to the river like ?

A

A combination of rich grasslands and woodland

161
Q

What is the region like further away from the river ?

A

Open plains with scattered shrubs and trees

162
Q

What is the region famous for ?

A
  • Annual zebra and wildebeest migrations

- Is home to buffalos, elephants, leopards, lions and black rhinos

163
Q

What was the masai region dominated by in the past ?

A

Acacia bush

164
Q

What did the acacia bush provide ?

A

A habitat for the tsetse fly

165
Q

What do the tsetse fly carry ?

A

African trypanosomiasis AKA sleeping sickness

166
Q

What did the government do to try and reduce incidences of the disease ?

A

They cleared major tracts of acacia over the last 50 years

167
Q

In the past, what type of farming occurred in the masai region ?

A

Semi nomadic farming

168
Q

What did the tribes frequently moving lead to ?

A

Time for the vegetation to recover from animal grazing

169
Q

Why did the tribes frequently move ?

A

Depending on climate variation and the presence of the tsetse fly

170
Q

Where is grazing now limited to in the region ?

A

Areas on the edge of the reserve, as local tribes are prevented from entering the park

171
Q

What is occurring in the marginal areas where grazing is taking place in the masai region ?

A
  • Populations have grown
  • Larger herds graze
  • More trees are removed for fuel
  • Risk of soil erosion increases as vegetation is removed
172
Q

What is cultivation like in the masai region ?

A

It has increased in recent years

173
Q

What has converting grassland to cropland led to ?

A

Natural vegetation being removed and more nutrients in the soil being used up

174
Q

Over time, what does nutrients being used up cause to happen ?

A

Leads to a reliance on fertilisers for effective crop growth

175
Q

What does the masai mara rely on for economic input ?

A

Ecotourism

176
Q

What is ecotourism ?

A

Tourism directed towards natural environments, to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife

177
Q

What is the aim of ecotourism ?

A

It is a sustainable development which aims to reduce the impact that tourism has on natural environments

178
Q

What are the key principles of ecotourism ?

A
  • Ensure that tourism does not exploit the natural environment or local communities
  • Consult and engage with the local communities on planned developments
  • Ensure that infrastructure improvements benefit local people as well as visitors
179
Q

What are the possible negatives of ecotourism ?

A

Tourist movements such as the repeated use of hiking trails, or the use of mechanised transport can contribute to soil erosion and other habitat changes

180
Q

The MMNR and conservation

A

The nature reserve plays an important role in the conservation of endangered species

181
Q

Black rhinos

A

They are one of the most endangered animals in africa and are on the IUCN critically endangered list

182
Q

Why are black rhinos traded and poached ?

A
  • Rhino horn is in huge demand due to its use in traditional medicine
  • Sums of money are offered to trade in this material
183
Q

What was established to encourage a balance between the needs of local communities and wildlife ?

A

An active conservation and protection programme

184
Q

What did this conservation programme in the NNMR involve ?

A

Employment of reserve rangers, and the provision of communication equipment, vehicles and other necessary equipment and infrastructure

185
Q

What have the measures in the MMNR conservation project led to ?

A

They have helped to deter poachers from entering the reserve

186
Q

Why does there have to be a constant balance between the human and animal populations in the MMNR ?

A

Increasing wildlife density threatens pastoral and cultivation lifestyles

187
Q

In what ways does the MMNR strike a balance ?

A
  • Land being fenced
  • Legal hunting
  • Diseases being introduced
  • Building more homes
188
Q

Land being fenced

A
  • Elephants in particular threaten cultivation as they are often responsible for crop trampling and damage to homesteads
  • Land is therefore fenced but it can have a negative effect on natural migration
189
Q

Legal hunting

A
  • Used to cull excess animals
  • This can successfully maintain population numbers and bring in money for conservation work
  • However, the numbers must be monitored to ensure that levels are sufficient to maintain the natural balance
190
Q

Diseases being introduced

A
  • Livestock face threats from migratory wildlife, diseases are then introduced to the domesticated animal population
  • Equally, the domesticated cattle eat vegetation that could be used by migrating zebras and wildebeest, and diseases can spread from the domestic to the wild animals
191
Q

Building more homes

A
  • As the human population expands more homes are required as well as land for cattle and agriculture.
  • Evidence suggests that wildlife density declines significantly as the density of the built environment rises
192
Q

What is the terai region of nepal defined by ?

A

A belt of well-watered floodplains stretching from the indian border in the south to the slopes of the bhabhar and siwalik mountain ranges in the north

193
Q

Is the terai region of nepal fertile ?

A

Yes, it is the main agricultural region of the country

194
Q

What occurs in the terai region ?

A
  • Farming
  • Trading
  • Industries
  • Services
195
Q

What could happen due to the high population density ?

A

Natural resources are at risk of being overused

196
Q

What is the terai region composed of ?

A

A fertile alluvial soil which is rich in plant nutrients

197
Q

How biodiverse is the terai region ?

A
  • It is an area of extreme biodiversity

- Many subtropical plants and large areas of thick forest

198
Q

Why is the terai region important to people ?

A
  • People depend on it for income

- Because of poverty and corruption, large areas of forest have been cleared for agriculture to sell the timber

199
Q

What has the removal of large parts of the forest lead to ?

A

It has exacerbated the effects of monsoon flooding, causing severe disruption to communities downstream

200
Q

What will happen if deforestation of the region continues ?

A

The communities of the terai would be left with only small, isolated pockets of forest

201
Q

Who would be affected by more deforestation ?

A

The wildlife in the region as well as the local population who rely on the forests for income through tourism, harvesting wood and for burning as fuel

202
Q

What is the aim of sustainable forest management ?

A
  • Provide a livelihood for local people
  • Ensure the conservation of forests
  • Provide the nepali state with income for general development
203
Q

How is sustainable management being achieved in the terai region ?

A
  • Through supportive national legislation

- Through the development of local community forestry groups

204
Q

What do the local groups do in the terai region for management to be sustainable ?

A
  • They develop their own operational plans, set harvesting rules, set rates and prices for products and determine how surplus income is distributed or spent
  • Through the creation of cooperative networks small forestry businesses can work well together
205
Q

How is the terai region being managed now ?

A

In a manner that will secure both the biodiversity of the region, and the economic welfare of its residents for the future

206
Q

What are environmentally sensitive ecosystems ?

A

Regions that are less resistant to change than others

207
Q

What types of management techniques are used in environmentally sensitive areas ?

A
  • Limiting the areas tourists can visit
  • Controlling the movement of livestock
  • Introducing anti-poaching measures
  • Replanting of forests and native plants
  • Limiting hunting through quotas and seasonal bans
208
Q

What are the galapagos islands ?

A
  • A group of volcanic islands that rise up from the bed of the pacific ocean
  • 1000km west of ecuador
209
Q

Why are the galapagos islands of interest ?

A
  • They have never been connected to the mainland
  • The original flora and fauna that reached the islands’ shores had to survive a crossing of hundreds of kilometres of oceans
210
Q

What are most of the land animals living on the galapagos islands ?

A

Reptiles

211
Q

What is the only land mammal in the galapagos islands ?

A

Galapagos rice rat

212
Q

How did the galapagos rice rats reach the islands ?

A

Being washed away from the mainland river banks, floating on rafts of vegetation

213
Q

Which species are unique to the islands ?

A
  • Galapagos giant tortoise

- Flightless cormorant

214
Q

How are the galapagos giant tortoise adapted to the islands ?

A

Grows to over 150cm in length

215
Q

How are the flightless cormorant adapted to the islands ?

A

Reduced wings were better for fishing underwater, when flight was not needed to escape mainland predators

216
Q

What does snowdonia national park contain ?

A

Highest mountain range in england and wales, with four peaks over 1000m

217
Q

What does the rugged terrain of snowdonia include ?

A

Lakes and fast flowing rivers, and wide tracts of ancient woodland heath

218
Q

What types of birds are present in snowdonia national park ?

A
  • Coast and estuary birds such as choughs, cormorants, and oystercatchers
  • Forest birds such as pied flycatcher, redstart, and wood warblers
  • Moorland and mountain birds such as ospreys, buzzards and sparrowhawks
219
Q

Why are there so many types of birds in snowdonia ?

A

There is a rich diversity of habitats in the region

220
Q

What animals are present in snowdonia ?

A
  • Over 40 species of land animals

- Badgers, voles, deer and hedgehogs

221
Q

When was snowdonia national park created ?

A

1951

222
Q

How many people live in snowdonia national park ?

A
  • Over 25,000

- They work on the land

223
Q

What are the key purposes of the snowdonia national park authority ?

A
  • Conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the area
  • Promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the park
  • Enhance the economic and social well being of communities within the park
224
Q

What is the lake district ?

A
  • Englands largest national park

- Over 2292km^2

225
Q

What does the lake district contain ?

A
  • Scafell pike, englands highest mountain

- Wastwater, englands deepest lake

226
Q

What is the terrain like in the lake district ?

A
  • Regions of moorland and fell

- Includes 16 lakes dammed by glacial soil and rock debris, from around the end of the last ice age

227
Q

What do the dales and the fringes of lakes provide ?

A

A rich variety of habitats, including areas of ancient woodland

228
Q

What wildlife live in the lake district ?

A
  • Water voles, natterjack toads and a number of species of bat
  • Red deer and birds of prey such as the golden eagle and osprey
229
Q

What native species of the lake district are under threat ?

A
  • Red squirrel

- Vendace, a species of fish which is only found in this region and appears on the IUCN endangered list

230
Q

Where can habitats for plants be in the central fells ?

A

Above the tree line

231
Q

What is the role of habitats that exist above the tree line ?

A

They support a diverse range of arctic alpine plant communities

232
Q

What species are present in habitats above the tree line ?

A
  • Purple saxifrage

- Alpine cinquefoil

233
Q

Give examples of specialised trees that have evolved in the harsh habitats of the lake district

A
  • Dwarf juniper

- Dwarf willow

234
Q

Give an example of a plant that is present in the lower regions of the lake district

A

Sundew, one of the UKs few carnivorous plants

235
Q

What is the role of the lake district national park authority ?

A

To conserve the region while enabling access for many millions of visitors each year

236
Q

How is the lake district ecosystem being secured ?

A
  • Active management of the countryside

- e.g. replanting native tree species

Biology (30 decks)

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