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Biology > 4.2.2 - Evolution and classification part 3 > Flashcards

4.2.2 - Evolution and classification part 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is variation ?

A

Differences in characteristics or genes within or between species

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2
Q

Define infraspecific variation

A

Differences between individuals within the same species

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3
Q

Define interspecific variation

A

Differences between different species

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4
Q

What are the 2 causes of variation ?

A

Environmental and genetic

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5
Q

Are environmental effects heritable ?

A

No they are not

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6
Q

Give 2 examples pf environmental effects

A
  • Hair dye

- Diet

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7
Q

Are genetic factors heritable ?

A

Yes they are

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8
Q

What are the 5 causes of genetic variation?

A
  • Presence of a different allele
  • Random fertilisation/random fusion of gametes
  • Random mating
  • Meiosis
  • Mutations
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9
Q

What are the two types of mutations ?

A

Point mutations and chromosomal mutations

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10
Q

What are point mutations ?

A

Change in the base sequence of DNA

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11
Q

How do chromosomal mutations arise ?

A

From crossing over

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12
Q

What are the two sources of variation in meiosis ?

A
  • Crossing over

- Independent assortment

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13
Q

What are the two types of variation

A

Continuous and discontinuous

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14
Q

What is continuous variation ?

A
  • Variation of all possible intermediate values between the two extremes
  • It can be plotted to give a normal distribution curve
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15
Q

Give 2 examples of discontinuous variation

A

Height and weight

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16
Q

What is discontinuous variation ?

A
  • Discrete groupings of individuals

- Presented as a bar chart

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17
Q

Give an example of discontinuous variation

A
  • Blood group
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18
Q

Why does continuous variation occur ?

A

Due to the inheritance of 2 or more genes

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19
Q

Why does discontinuous variation occur ?

A

As a result of inheritance of one gene with 2 or more alleles

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20
Q

Is continuous variation influenced by the environment?

A

It can be

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21
Q

Is discontinuous variation influenced by the environment?

A

No

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22
Q

Define polygenic

A

A characteristic that is controlled by two or more genes

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23
Q

Define multifactorial

A

Involving both genetic and environmental factors

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24
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a normal distribution curve ?

A
  • Unimodal
  • Asymptotic
  • Symmetrical
  • Mean, median and mode are all equal
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25
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

A measure of spread of data around the mean

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26
Q

What is the student’s t test used for?

A

To compare 2 sets of numerical data

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27
Q

When is the unpaired t test used?

A

To compare data from different individuals

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28
Q

When is the paired t test used?

A

To compare data from the same individual

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29
Q

When is Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient used?

A

To determine if there is a correlation between two variables

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30
Q

Define adaptation

A

Characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment

31
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptations ?

A
  • Anatomical
  • Behavioural
  • Physiological
32
Q

What are anatomical adaptations ?

A

Adaptations relating to physical features, both internal and external

33
Q

Give 4 examples of anatomical adaptations

A
  • Camouflage
  • Teeth i.e. shape and type are related to diet
  • Mimicry
  • Body Covering i.e. scales, feathers, fur
34
Q

What are behavioural adaptations ?

A

Adaptations relating to the way an organism acts

35
Q

What are the 2 types of behavioural adaptations ?

A

Innate and learned

36
Q

What is an innate behavioural adaptation ?

A

The ability to do the behaviour is inherited through genes

37
Q

Give an example of 2 innate adaptations

A
  • Spiders building webs

- Caterpillars building cocoons

38
Q

What is a learned behaviour adaptation?

A

A behaviour that is learnt from an experience or observation

39
Q

Give 2 examples of learned adaptations

A
  • Use of tools

- Playing dead

40
Q

What are physiological adaptations ?

A

Adaptations relating to processes that take place within an organism

41
Q

Give 4 examples of physiological adaptations

A
  • Poison production in reptiles and plants
  • Antibiotic production to kill competing bacteria
  • water holding better adapted for dry conditions
  • blinking
42
Q

Define analogous structure

A

Structures which have adapted to perform the same function but have different (genetic) origins

43
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Organisms evolve similarities because the organisms adapt to similar environments or other selection processes

44
Q

Define allele frequency

A

How many alleles of a particular type are found in the total number of possible alleles for that gene

45
Q

Define gene pool

A

All genes and their allelic forms in a given population

46
Q

Define selection pressure

A

Factors that affect the organisms chances of survival or reproductive success

47
Q

Define selectively neutral gene

A

An allele not involved in the selection of individuals

48
Q

Define advantageous allele

A

An allele which provides an individual with a survival advantage

49
Q

Define advantageous characteristic

A

A characteristic which arises from an advantageous allele, which provides an individual with a survival advantage

50
Q

Define evolution

A

The process by which different kinds of living organisms are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth

51
Q

Define natural selection

A

The process by which organisms best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on their characteristics to their offspring through their genes

52
Q

What is the process of natural selection ?How can new alleles arise ?

A
  • Organisms within a species show variation in their characteristics that are caused by genetic variation
  • Organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to a selection pressure such as predation, competition or disease, have an increased chance of surviving and successfully reproducing
  • Successful organisms pass the allele encoding the advantageous characteristic onto their offspring. Organisms that possess the non advantageous allele are less likely to successfully pass it on
  • This process is repeated for every generation and over time the proportion of individuals with the advantageous adaptation increases
  • Over very long periods of time and many generations, the process can lead to the evolution of a new species
53
Q

How can new alleles arise ?

A

Mutation

54
Q

Give 3 organisms which human activity has affected the populations

A
  • Blowflies
  • MRSA
  • Flavobacterium
55
Q

What can happen when DNA replicates ?

A

When bacteria replicate, their DNA can be altered and this ususally results in the bacteria dying

56
Q

What did a mutation in S. aureus lead to ?

A
  • It led to some resistance to methicillin
57
Q

Explain the antibiotic resistance of S.aureus

A
  • When the bacteria were exposed to this antibiotic, resistant individuals survived and reproduced, passing on the allele for resistance to their offspring
  • Non resistant individuals died
  • Over time the number of resistant individuals in the population increased
58
Q

How have humans affected Staph. A?

A

Use of antibiotics has led to bacteria developing resistance

59
Q

What did the pale colour of moths allow them to do before the industrial revolution ?

A

Camouflage against light coloured tree bark, increasing their chance of survival

60
Q

Describe the effect of the industrial revolution on peppered moths

A
  • Before the industrial revolution peppered moths were light in colour
  • After the industrial revolution peppered moths became darker
  • Soot caused the bark of trees to get darker
  • Dark colour moths were better camouflaged
  • Light moths were eaten
61
Q

Overall, what did the industrial revolution lead to ?

A

It lead to the population of dark peppered moths close to industrial towns and cities to increase much higher than pale peppered moths

62
Q

What was the effect of the industrial revolution on the allele frequency for black wings in peppered moths?

A

The alleles frequency increased

63
Q

What is flystrike ?

A
  • It is a condition caused by sheep blowflies

- When they lay their eggs in the faecal matter around sheeps tails and the larvae hatch and cause sores

64
Q

What were some sheep blowflies able to do ?

A
  • They had resistance to the pesticide that was used to kill them
  • They passed this characteristic through their alleles, allowing a resistant population to evolve
65
Q

What is pre adaptation ?

A

It is when an organisms existing trait is advantageous for a new situation

66
Q

How is pre adaptation beneficial to humans ?

A

It allows researchers to predict potential resistances in the future

67
Q

What were some flavobacterium able to do ?

A
  • Digest nylon

- This is beneficial to humans as they help to clear up factory waste

68
Q

What enzyme is used to digest nylon ?

A

Nylonase

69
Q

How are nylonases different to other enzymes ?

A

They do not help to digest any other known material apart from nylon

70
Q

How are nylonases beneficial to flavobacterium ?

A

They provide flavobacterium with another source of nutrients

71
Q

How do scientists believe that the mutatuion in flavobacterium came about ?

A

A result of a gene duplication, combined with a frameshift mutation

72
Q

What is frameshift mutation ?

A

An insertion or deletion of DNA bases that causes the genetic code to be read incorrectly

73
Q

What characteristics increase the ability of a population to survive a change in the environment?

A
  • Having a large gene pool means a population is likely to evolve and tolerate change in environment
  • Because the population is more likely to have some individuals with advantageous characteristics who will survive

Biology (30 decks)

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