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BIOL 273 - Principles of Human Physiology 1 > 6.3 - Types of Immunity: Innate & Acquired > Flashcards

6.3 - Types of Immunity: Innate & Acquired Flashcards

1
Q

When does an immune response take over?

A

When pathogens overcome the defence system of the body

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2
Q

List the steps of an immune response

A
  1. Detect and identify foreign substance
  2. Communicate with other immune cells
  3. Recruit help and co-ordinate response
  4. Destroy/suppress invader
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3
Q

List the 2 types of chemical signalling used by the immune system

A
  • Antibodies (Ab) bind to antigen (Ag)

Cytokines
- affect growth or activity of other cells

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4
Q

What are the 2 main categories of immunity?

A

innate and acquired immunity

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5
Q

How does response time and specificity differ for innate and acquired immunity?

A

Innate
- more rapid, non-specific

Acquired
- slower, specific

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Innate responses can eventually lead to acquired responses

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Innate immunity is present _____ the pathogen is encountered

A

before

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8
Q

Once a pathogen is encountered, innate immunity responds within _____

A

minutes to hours

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Innate immunity remembers past infections and acquired immunity does not remember past infections

A

FALSE

Innate: DOES NOT remember

Acquired: remembers

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10
Q

All organisms have the ______ immunity

A

Innate

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

An inflammation is distinctive in an acquired immune response

A

FALSE

inflammation = innate immunity

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12
Q

An acquired immune response takes ____

A

days to weeks: SLOW

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13
Q

Acquired immunity can be further subdivided into ?

A

cell-mediated immunity

humoral immunity (antibodies)

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Acquired immunity is only found in vertebrates

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What are the 2 lines of defences of the innate immune system?

A

1st line of defence
- physical and chemical barriers

2nd line of defence
- patrolling or stationary leukocytes and blood proteins

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16
Q

Why is the 1st line of defence of the innate immune system the most vulnerable?

A

Due to the thin epithelium exposed to outside env

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17
Q

The majority of innate immune system cells are ____

A

phagocytes

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18
Q

Innate immune system cells attract other immune cells by secreting cytokines. What are these called? Give some examples.

A

chemotaxins

  • cytokines (chemokines) and other immune blood proteins
  • products of tissue injury (e.g. fibrin)
  • bacterial products
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19
Q

How do phagocytes leave the circulation and enter tissue through capillary walls?

A

squeeze in between endothelial cells in capillary linings

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20
Q

Phagocytes identify the invader by __

A

chemical cues that interact with receptors on the phagocytes membrane

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Phagocytes can only ingest organic material

A

FALSE

BOTH organic and inorganic

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22
Q

What’s opsonization?

A

tagging a pathogen for destruction

23
Q

A protein that can opsonize is called a _____

A

opsonin

24
Q

What happens when some pathogens do not have surface features that can be identified by phagocytes?

A

Blood proteins bind to the pathogen to tag it

phagocytes have receptors for blood proteins

25
Q

What is a phagolysosome?

A

a pathogen that is ingested and fused with lysosomes and digestive enzymes and chemicals that kill it

26
Q

What is pus?

A

dead phagocytes, tissue fluids, and debris collected at the site of injury

27
Q

What are natural killer cells (NK) ?

A

Lymphocytes associated with innate immunity but have adaptive responses (specific pathogens)

28
Q

How long do NK cells take to act?

A

within minutes

29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

NK cells have specific receptors like B and T cells

A

FALSE

30
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A
  • bring apoptosis in pathogen infected cells

- attack tumour cells

31
Q

NK cells also produce important cytokines. List and describe their features

A

interferons
- interfere with viral replication
IFN A and B = induce antiviral state in nearby cells to prevent viral replication

IFN Y = activate macrophages and other immune cells

32
Q

What is the role of chemical mediators in innate immune response?

A

to create the inflammatory response

  • red warm swelling in skin
  • signals other cells and agents to the site
  • increase capillary permeability and causes fever
  • physical barier to prevent spread of pathogen
  • promotes tissue repair
33
Q

What is the cytokine released to create an inflammatory response?

A

interleukin-1 (IL-1)

34
Q

What are the functions of IL-1?

A
  • act on endothelial cells lining blood vessels, loosens junctions between cells
  • act on liver cells to produce blood proteins involved in damage control
  • induce fever
  • stimulate cytokine production
35
Q

What is the MAC attack and what causes it?

A

MAC = membrane attack complex

caused by complement proteins that make holes in pathogen membranes to allow ions and water to enter, causing pathogen to swell and lyse

36
Q

What are complement proteins? Give some examples

A

collective term for over 25 blood proteins that are activated by sequential proteolysis

e.g. opsonins, chemotaxins

37
Q

Acquired immunity is also called ____

A

adaptive or specific immunity

38
Q

What are involved in acquired immunity?

A

lymphocytes and lymphocytes products

39
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes found in the body?

A

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

B cells
- activated form is the plasma cell

T cells
- TC and TH

40
Q

Which cells can expand clonally?

A

T cells and B cells

41
Q

What is specificity?

A

individual cells recognizing different specific pathogens

42
Q

What are naive cells?

A

cells that never encountered specific pathogen before

43
Q

What happens to naive cells once they encounter a pathogen?

A

expand clonally, lots of effector cells

44
Q

What are plasma cells? What do they do?

A

Mature B cells

produce a lot of antibodies (around 2000 Abs per second)

45
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary Ab responses?

A

primary:
- slower response and less Ab [ ]

secondary:

  • faster response 24-48 hours to match primary response
  • mediated by memory cells
  • more Ab [ ]
46
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A
  • patient given inactivated pathogen

- generate memory cells to recognize natural pathogen

47
Q

List and define the 5 classes of immunoglobins in humans

A

IgM

  • produced during primary responses
  • activates complement

IgA

  • found in secretion
  • neutralizes pathogens before entry
  • e.g. saliva, tears

IgD

  • found on surface of B cells with IgM
  • unknown function

IgG

  • makes up 75% plasma Ab
  • secondary response Ab
  • activates complement, opsonizes

IgE

  • allergic responses
  • recognized by mast cells
48
Q

What are some important features of the structure of an antibody?

A
  • 4 polypeptides, Y shaped
  • identical sides, 2 light and heavy chains
  • arms (Fab) contain the antigen binding site
  • stem (Fc) determines Ab class
49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Antibodies are most effective to intracellular pathogens

A

FALSE

Extracellular pathogens

50
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A
  • act as opsonins to tag Ag for phagocytosis
  • cause Ag/pathogen clumping
  • neutralize bacterial toxins
  • activate complement
  • activate B cells
  • activate Ab dependent cellular activity (e.g. NK cells or eosinophils)
  • activates mast cells to degranulate
51
Q

Where do B cells have antibodies?

A

on their surface as receptors (up to 100,000) that can bind to Ag directly

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

T cells learn to recognize self MHC proteins in the bone marrow

A

false

IN THE THYMUS

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

T cells can bind to free Ag

A

FALSE

can only bind to Ags bound to class 1 or 2 MHC

BIOL 273 - Principles of Human Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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