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BIOL 273 - Principles of Human Physiology 1 > 6.2 - Anatomy of the Immune System & Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

6.2 - Anatomy of the Immune System & Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Why are immune system organs called lymphoid organs?

A

because lymphocytes are found there

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2
Q

What is lymph? What is the structure of lymph?

A

mechanism for lymphocytes to travel in

clear fluid, basically ECF that has left capillaries and filter through tissues

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3
Q

What is the shape of lymph nodes?

A

bean shaped

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4
Q

Where are lymph nodes situated?

A

knee, groin, elbow, shoulder, neck

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5
Q

What are regions of the body outside the lymphoid organs called?

A

periphery

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6
Q

What are the types of lymphoid organs?

A

primary

secondary

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7
Q

Lymphoid organs where lymphocytes develop are called ______

A

primary lymphoid organs

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8
Q

List the primary lymphoid organs.

What do they produce?

A

Bone Marrow

  • all blood cells develop here
  • B lymphocytes mature here

Thymus
- T lymphocytes mature here

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9
Q

What happens at the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymphocytes interact and initiate responses

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10
Q

List the secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
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11
Q

What is the function of secondary lymph nodes?

A

to filter blood and lymph for pathogens and pathogen containing lymphocytes

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12
Q

What is the structure of secondary lymphoid organs? What do they do individually?

A

afferent lymph vessel
- brings in lymphocytes from periphery

efferent lymph vessel
- allows lymphocytes to keep circulating

pulp inside lymph node
- allows mixing of lymphocytes and other leukocytes

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13
Q

The spleen and lymph nodes are surrounded by a ________

A

fibrous wall, encapsulated

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14
Q

The tonsils and GALT are _______ tissues

A

unencapsulated, diffuse

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15
Q

List the 6 main types of leukocytes

A
  • eosinophils
  • basophils (mature into mast cells)
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes (mature into macrophages)
  • lymphocytes
  • dendritic cell
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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

RBC are larger and more numerous than leukocytes

A

FALSE

RBC are SMALLER than leukocytes but MORE numerous

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17
Q

List the leukocytes by their function and morphology

A

Granulocytes

  • have prominent cytoplasmic granules
  • eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

Phagocytes

  • engulf and ingest pathogens
  • eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages

Cytotoxic cells

  • kill other cells, even self cells
  • eosinophils and some lymphocytes

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

  • display fragments of pathogens on cell surface
  • some lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages
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18
Q

What are antigens (Ag)?

A

Antibody generator

substances that are recognized by an antibody and induces an immune response

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19
Q

What are antibodies (Ab)?

A

proteins that bind specifically to Ags’ and target pathogens for destruction

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20
Q

Eosinophils have ____ staining granules and basophils have large _____ staining granules

A

eosinophils = bright pink

basophils = dark blue

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21
Q

Where are eosinophils found?

A

digestive tract, lungs, genital tract, skin

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Eosinophils live for more than 12 hours and are found a lot in peripheral circulation

A

FALSE

eosinophils

  • few in peripheral circulation
  • live only 6-12 hours
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23
Q

During allergic responses, eosinophils _____

A

degranulate

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24
Q

Eosinophils defend against ____ and ______

A

parasites and allergies

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25
How do eosinophils respond to parasites?
- bind to antibody coated parasites and degranulate | - granule contents (toxic enzymes and oxidative chemicals) damage and kill parasites
26
Basophils are granulocytes involved in ____
allergic reactions
27
Where are basophils found?
in digestive tract, lungs, skin
28
Basophils are rarely found in _____ , while mast cells are found in ______
blood tissues
29
What do the granules inside the basophils contain?
histamine, heparin, cytokines
30
TRUE OR FALSE Like eosinophils, basophils also degranulate during allergic responses
TRUE
31
Neutrophils are _____ granulocytes
phagocytic
32
Name the most abundant leukocyte
Neutrophils (50-70%)
33
What is the lifespan and eating capacity of neutrophils?
1-2 days can ingest 5-20 bacteria
34
TRUE OR FALSE Neutrophils can leave the circulatory system to attack pathogens in tissues
TRUE
35
Neutrophils contain granules that contain ______ that cause fever and start other inflammatory responses
cytokines
36
What are neutrophils characterized by?
3-5 lobed nucleus, polymorphoneuclear (PMN)
37
Monocytes are precursor cells of _____ and are uncommon in blood (1-6% of leukocytes)
tissue macrophage
38
How long are monocytes in the blood for? Where do they move after?
8 hours move into tissues to macrophage
39
What are macrophages? What do they do?
large ameoboid cells phagocytoze old RBCs and dead neutrophils
40
TRUE OR FALSE Macrophages can phagocyte up to 10 bacteria
FALSE up to 100 bacteria
41
How can macrophages have a role in acquired immune response?
they act as APCs by presenting pathogens on the cell surface
42
_____ are the key players in acquired immune response
Lymphocytes
43
At any given time, lymphocytes make up ____ of all leukocytes. Where are most of them found?
20-30% most of them are found in lymphoid tissues, only 5% in circulation
44
TRUE OR FALSE Lymphocytes look differently under microscopes and perform different duties
FALSE they all look alike
45
TRUE OR FALSE Dendritic cells are phagocytic APCs
TRUE
46
What is a major feature of the dendritic cells?
have long processes like dendrites on a neuron
47
Where are dendritic cells found?
in skin and other organs
48
What is the function of dendritic cells?
recognize and engulf pathogens, placed on cell surface, travel to secondary lymphoid organs to present antigens to lymphocytes
49
TRUE OR FALSE: All blood cells are produced in the thymus
FALSE Bone marrow
50
Pluripotent haematopoeitic stem cells give rise to ?
commited progenitor cells and uncommited stem cells
51
What guides the path taken by stem cells?
cytokines
52
Why are B lymphocytes called B cells?
because of research in chicken B cells leave the bone marrow and mature in the Bursa of Fabricius
53
TRUE OR FALSE B cells produce antibodies on the cell surface as receptors or as free Abs in the plasma
TRUE
54
TRUE OR FALSE T lymphocytes are called T cells because they mature in the thymus
TRUE
55
How do T cells communicate?
use contact dependent signalling via the T-cell receptor expressed on the T cell membrane
56
T cells can only bind to ___ T cell receptor ___ bind to free Ag
MHC antigen complexes cannot
57
What does MHC stand for?
Major Histocompatibility Complex
58
What are MHCs?
proteins expressed on the surface of cells that display "self antigens" and "non self antigens" to T cells
59
TRUE OR FALSE the name MHC is derived from the role of MHCs in transplant rejection
TRUE
60
What are the 2 classes of MHCs that interact with T cells?
CLASS 1 - found on all nucleited cells CLASS 2 - only on APCs
61
TRUE OR FALSE cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells), helper T cells (Th) and regulatory T cells (Treg) all recognize Ag presented on class 2 MHC
FALSE cytotoxic T cells (Tc) only recognizes MHC on class 1 MHCs
62
Cytotoxic T cells kills cells that expresses _____
appropriate Ag
63
Helper T cells promotes differentiation between ____ and _____ They can also ______
B cells and Tc cells they can also activate macrophages
64
What is the function of regulatory T cells?
suppress other immune cells to prevent excessive immune responses

BIOL 273 - Principles of Human Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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