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BIOL 273 - Principles of Human Physiology 1 > 6.2 - Anatomy of the Immune System & Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

6.2 - Anatomy of the Immune System & Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Why are immune system organs called lymphoid organs?

A

because lymphocytes are found there

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2
Q

What is lymph? What is the structure of lymph?

A

mechanism for lymphocytes to travel in

clear fluid, basically ECF that has left capillaries and filter through tissues

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3
Q

What is the shape of lymph nodes?

A

bean shaped

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4
Q

Where are lymph nodes situated?

A

knee, groin, elbow, shoulder, neck

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5
Q

What are regions of the body outside the lymphoid organs called?

A

periphery

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6
Q

What are the types of lymphoid organs?

A

primary

secondary

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7
Q

Lymphoid organs where lymphocytes develop are called ______

A

primary lymphoid organs

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8
Q

List the primary lymphoid organs.

What do they produce?

A

Bone Marrow

  • all blood cells develop here
  • B lymphocytes mature here

Thymus
- T lymphocytes mature here

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9
Q

What happens at the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymphocytes interact and initiate responses

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10
Q

List the secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
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11
Q

What is the function of secondary lymph nodes?

A

to filter blood and lymph for pathogens and pathogen containing lymphocytes

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12
Q

What is the structure of secondary lymphoid organs? What do they do individually?

A

afferent lymph vessel
- brings in lymphocytes from periphery

efferent lymph vessel
- allows lymphocytes to keep circulating

pulp inside lymph node
- allows mixing of lymphocytes and other leukocytes

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13
Q

The spleen and lymph nodes are surrounded by a ________

A

fibrous wall, encapsulated

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14
Q

The tonsils and GALT are _______ tissues

A

unencapsulated, diffuse

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15
Q

List the 6 main types of leukocytes

A
  • eosinophils
  • basophils (mature into mast cells)
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes (mature into macrophages)
  • lymphocytes
  • dendritic cell
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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

RBC are larger and more numerous than leukocytes

A

FALSE

RBC are SMALLER than leukocytes but MORE numerous

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17
Q

List the leukocytes by their function and morphology

A

Granulocytes

  • have prominent cytoplasmic granules
  • eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

Phagocytes

  • engulf and ingest pathogens
  • eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages

Cytotoxic cells

  • kill other cells, even self cells
  • eosinophils and some lymphocytes

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

  • display fragments of pathogens on cell surface
  • some lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages
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18
Q

What are antigens (Ag)?

A

Antibody generator

substances that are recognized by an antibody and induces an immune response

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19
Q

What are antibodies (Ab)?

A

proteins that bind specifically to Ags’ and target pathogens for destruction

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20
Q

Eosinophils have ____ staining granules and basophils have large _____ staining granules

A

eosinophils = bright pink

basophils = dark blue

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21
Q

Where are eosinophils found?

A

digestive tract, lungs, genital tract, skin

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Eosinophils live for more than 12 hours and are found a lot in peripheral circulation

A

FALSE

eosinophils

  • few in peripheral circulation
  • live only 6-12 hours
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23
Q

During allergic responses, eosinophils _____

A

degranulate

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24
Q

Eosinophils defend against ____ and ______

A

parasites and allergies

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25
Q

How do eosinophils respond to parasites?

A
  • bind to antibody coated parasites and degranulate

- granule contents (toxic enzymes and oxidative chemicals) damage and kill parasites

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26
Q

Basophils are granulocytes involved in ____

A

allergic reactions

27
Q

Where are basophils found?

A

in digestive tract, lungs, skin

28
Q

Basophils are rarely found in _____ , while mast cells are found in ______

A

blood

tissues

29
Q

What do the granules inside the basophils contain?

A

histamine, heparin, cytokines

30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Like eosinophils, basophils also degranulate during allergic responses

A

TRUE

31
Q

Neutrophils are _____ granulocytes

A

phagocytic

32
Q

Name the most abundant leukocyte

A

Neutrophils (50-70%)

33
Q

What is the lifespan and eating capacity of neutrophils?

A

1-2 days

can ingest 5-20 bacteria

34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Neutrophils can leave the circulatory system to attack pathogens in tissues

A

TRUE

35
Q

Neutrophils contain granules that contain ______ that cause fever and start other inflammatory responses

A

cytokines

36
Q

What are neutrophils characterized by?

A

3-5 lobed nucleus, polymorphoneuclear (PMN)

37
Q

Monocytes are precursor cells of _____ and are uncommon in blood (1-6% of leukocytes)

A

tissue macrophage

38
Q

How long are monocytes in the blood for? Where do they move after?

A

8 hours

move into tissues to macrophage

39
Q

What are macrophages? What do they do?

A

large ameoboid cells

phagocytoze old RBCs and dead neutrophils

40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Macrophages can phagocyte up to 10 bacteria

A

FALSE

up to 100 bacteria

41
Q

How can macrophages have a role in acquired immune response?

A

they act as APCs by presenting pathogens on the cell surface

42
Q

_____ are the key players in acquired immune response

A

Lymphocytes

43
Q

At any given time, lymphocytes make up ____ of all leukocytes. Where are most of them found?

A

20-30%

most of them are found in lymphoid tissues, only 5% in circulation

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Lymphocytes look differently under microscopes and perform different duties

A

FALSE

they all look alike

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Dendritic cells are phagocytic APCs

A

TRUE

46
Q

What is a major feature of the dendritic cells?

A

have long processes like dendrites on a neuron

47
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

in skin and other organs

48
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

recognize and engulf pathogens, placed on cell surface, travel to secondary lymphoid organs to present antigens to lymphocytes

49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

All blood cells are produced in the thymus

A

FALSE

Bone marrow

50
Q

Pluripotent haematopoeitic stem cells give rise to ?

A

commited progenitor cells and uncommited stem cells

51
Q

What guides the path taken by stem cells?

A

cytokines

52
Q

Why are B lymphocytes called B cells?

A

because of research in chicken

B cells leave the bone marrow and mature in the Bursa of Fabricius

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

B cells produce antibodies on the cell surface as receptors or as free Abs in the plasma

A

TRUE

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

T lymphocytes are called T cells because they mature in the thymus

A

TRUE

55
Q

How do T cells communicate?

A

use contact dependent signalling via the T-cell receptor expressed on the T cell membrane

56
Q

T cells can only bind to ___

T cell receptor ___ bind to free Ag

A

MHC antigen complexes

cannot

57
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

58
Q

What are MHCs?

A

proteins expressed on the surface of cells that display “self antigens” and “non self antigens” to T cells

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

the name MHC is derived from the role of MHCs in transplant rejection

A

TRUE

60
Q

What are the 2 classes of MHCs that interact with T cells?

A

CLASS 1
- found on all nucleited cells

CLASS 2
- only on APCs

61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells), helper T cells (Th) and regulatory T cells (Treg) all recognize Ag presented on class 2 MHC

A

FALSE

cytotoxic T cells (Tc) only recognizes MHC on class 1 MHCs

62
Q

Cytotoxic T cells kills cells that expresses _____

A

appropriate Ag

63
Q

Helper T cells promotes differentiation between ____ and _____

They can also ______

A

B cells and Tc cells

they can also activate macrophages

64
Q

What is the function of regulatory T cells?

A

suppress other immune cells to prevent excessive immune responses

BIOL 273 - Principles of Human Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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