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CC 1 > 6.2 PLASMA PROTEINS POE > Flashcards

6.2 PLASMA PROTEINS POE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant protein in plasma?

A

Albumin

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2
Q

What protein is the most abundant in the human body?

A

Collagen

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3
Q

What is responsible for nearly 80% of the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of intravascular fluid?

A

Albumin

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4
Q

Osmotic pressure exerted by large molecules, primarily albumin.

A

colloid osmotic pressure (COP).

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5
Q

What role does albumin play in maintaining fluid in the vasculature?

A

It helps fluid stay within the vasculature instead of leaking into tissues.

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6
Q

What type of acute-phase reactant protein is albumin classified as?

A

Negative acute-phase reactant protein.

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7
Q

What happens to albumin levels during inflammation?

A

Albumin levels decrease

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8
Q

Name three substances albumin binds to during transport.

A

Unconjugated bilirubin (B1)
Aspirin
Fatty acids

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9
Q

Name two conditions that decrease albumin due to inadequate amino acid supply.

A

Malnutrition
Malabsorption

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10
Q

Name two diseases that lead to decreased albumin levels due to loss or excretion.

A

Protein-losing enteropathy (gastrointestinal loss)
Renal disease

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11
Q

The absence of albumin.

A

analbuminemia

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12
Q

The presence of albumin with unusual molecular characteristics.

A

bisalbuminemia

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13
Q

What causes an increase in albumin levels?

A

Dehydration (due to hemoconcentration)
Excessive albumin infusion

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14
Q

It inhibits the protease neutrophil elastase to prevent tissue damage

A

α1-antitrypsin

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15
Q

What gene is responsible for α1-antitrypsin synthesis

A

SERPINA1 gene

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16
Q

What conditions increase α1-antitrypsin levels

A

Inflammatory reactions, pregnancy, and contraceptive use

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17
Q

What is the function of α1-fetoprotein (AFP) in the fetus?

A

Binds estradiol.
Protects the fetus from immunologic attack by the mother

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18
Q

Name one condition associated with increased maternal AFP

A

Neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida, anencephaly)

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19
Q

Name one condition associated with decreased maternal AFP levels.

A

Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

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20
Q

What is the primary carrier protein for vitamin D in the circulation?

A

Gc-Globulin (Vitamin D–Binding Protein)

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21
Q

What protein binds free hemoglobin to prevent iron loss?

A

Haptoglobin

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22
Q

What is a key diagnostic feature of Wilson’s disease involving the eyes?

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings.

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23
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen

A

form a fibrin clot when activated by thrombin.

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24
Q

Name the five classes of immunoglobulins.

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

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25
Q

What is the most abundant protein in plasma?

A

Albumin

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26
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the human body?

A

Collagen

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27
Q

What percentage of colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of intravascular fluid is albumin responsible for?

A

Nearly 80%

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28
Q

A protein that increases during inflammation.

A

acute-phase reactant protein

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29
Q

A protein that decreases during inflammation.

A

negative acute-phase reactant protein

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30
Q

What happens to albumin levels during inflammation

A

Albumin levels decrease

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31
Q

Why does albumin bind unconjugated bilirubin (B1)?

A

Unconjugated bilirubin cannot be excreted without being conjugated in the liver, so it complexes with albumin to proceed to the liver

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32
Q

Name at least five substances that albumin can bind and transport.

A

Unconjugated bilirubin (B1)
Aspirin
Fatty acids
Calcium
Magnesium ions

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33
Q

Why does malnutrition and malabsorption decrease albumin levels?

A

Due to an inadequate supply of amino acids needed to synthesize albumin

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34
Q

How does liver disease lead to decreased albumin levels?

A

decreases synthesis of albumin by hepatocytes.

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35
Q

A condition where intestinal fluids containing proteins leak, causing decreased albumin levels.

A

protein-losing enteropathy

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36
Q

How does renal disease lead to decreased albumin levels?

A

Increased excretion of proteins by the kidneys results in decreased albumin levels

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37
Q

How do burns or exfoliative dermatitis lead to decreased albumin levels?

A

They cause extracellular fluid loss, leading to decreased albumin levels.

38
Q

Name three other conditions that decrease albumin levels

A

Hypothyroidism
Polydipsia or excess IV administration
Mutation

39
Q

How does hypothyroidism affect albumin metabolism?

A

Decreased thyroid hormones impair albumin metabolism, leading to decreased albumin levels.

40
Q

How does polydipsia or excess IV fluids decrease albumin levels?

A

It causes a dilutional effect in the intravascular compartment.

41
Q

What is one condition that increases albumin levels?

A

Dehydration (due to hemoconcentration from decreased plasma volume).

42
Q

An increase in the concentration of substances in the blood, such as albumin, due to decreased plasma volume.

A

hemoconcentration

43
Q

What are the two main causes of increased albumin levels?

A

Dehydration
Excessive albumin infusion

44
Q

A serine protease inhibitor that inhibits neutrophil elastase to prevent tissue damage.

A

α1-antitrypsin

45
Q

What happens if α1-antitrypsin does not inhibit neutrophil elastase?

A

Uncontrolled neutrophil elastase activity can destroy the alveoli, causing emphysema

46
Q

What gene provides instructions for α1-antitrypsin synthesis?

A

SERPINA1 gene

47
Q

What conditions increase α1-antitrypsin levels?

A

Inflammatory reactions, pregnancy, and contraceptive use.

48
Q

is a protein synthesized in the developing embryo and fetus, and later by liver parenchymal cells.

A

α1-fetoprotein (AFP

49
Q

Binds the hormone estradiol in normal fetuses.
Protects the fetus from immunologic attack by the mother.

A

α1-fetoprotein (AFP)

50
Q

Name conditions that increase maternal AFP levels

A

Neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida, anencephaly).
Abdominal wall defects.
Fetal distress.

51
Q

What condition is indicated by decreased maternal AFP levels?

A

Chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)

52
Q

A chromosomal disorder caused by an extra or partial copy of chromosome

A

Down syndrome

53
Q

A chromosomal disorder where a baby has three copies of chromosome 18, leading to abnormal organ development.

A

trisomy 18

54
Q

What is α1-Acid Glycoprotein (orosomucoid), and what type of protein is it?

A

It is an acute-phase reactant protein

55
Q

Name conditions that increase α1-Acid Glycoprotein levels

A

Stress
Inflammation
Tissue damage
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Trauma
Pregnancy
Cancer
Pneumonia
Rheumatoid arthritis
Surgery

56
Q

It is a serine proteinase inhibitor and an acute-phase reactant

A

α1-Antichymotrypsin

57
Q

What enzymes does α1-Antichymotrypsin inhibit

A

Cathepsin G
Pancreatic elastase
Mast cell chymase
Chymotrypsin

58
Q

Name conditions that increase α1-Antichymotrypsin levels.

A

Inflammatory conditions

59
Q

Name conditions that decrease α1-Antichymotrypsin levels.

A

Liver disease, Parkinson’s disease, COPD, Alzheimer’s disease

60
Q

What is the role of α1-Antichymotrypsin in Alzheimer’s disease

A

integral component of amyloid deposits

61
Q

They are a family of serine proteinase inhibitors that play a role in inflammation and carcinogenesis/oncogenesis.

A

Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitors

62
Q

What causes increases in Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitors?

A

Inflammatory disorders

63
Q

It is the major carrier protein of vitamin D and its metabolites in the circulation.

A

Gc-Globulin (Vitamin D–Binding Protein)

64
Q

Name conditions that increase Gc-Globulin levels.

A

Third trimester of pregnancy
Patients taking oral contraceptives

65
Q

Name conditions that decrease Gc-Globulin levels.

A

Severe liver disease
Protein-losing syndromes

66
Q

is an α2-glycoprotein and an acute-phase reactant.

It binds free hemoglobin to prevent the loss of hemoglobin and its iron constituent.

A

haptoglobin

67
Q

Name conditions that increase haptoglobin levels.

A

Inflammatory diseases
Burns
Nephrotic syndrome

68
Q

Name a condition that decreases haptoglobin levels.

A

Hemolytic anemia

69
Q

A reaction caused by incompatibility between the patient and donor blood products.

A

Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction

70
Q

A blood problem in newborns, often occurring when an Rh-negative mother has a baby with an Rh-positive father, leading to an immune response against the baby’s red blood cells.

A

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

71
Q

is a copper-containing α2-glycoprotein and an acute-phase reactant.

A

ceruloplasmin

72
Q

What percentage of copper in the body is bound to ceruloplasmin?

A

90%

73
Q

Name conditions that increase ceruloplasmin levels.

A

Inflammation, some cancers, and pregnancy

74
Q

Name conditions that decrease ceruloplasmin levels

A

Wilson’s disease
Malnutrition
Malabsorption
Severe liver disease
Nephrotic syndrome
Menkes syndrome (kinky hair disease)

75
Q

An autosomal recessive disorder associated with decreased ceruloplasmin levels and copper accumulation in the liver, brain, and other organs.

A

Wilson’s disease

76
Q

What is a diagnostic feature of Wilson’s disease in the eyes?

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper deposition in the cornea).

77
Q

A major component of the α2 band that inhibits proteases like trypsin, thrombin, kallikrein, and plasmin

A

α2-Macroglobulin

78
Q

Name a condition that increases α2-Macroglobulin levels.

A

Nephrotic syndrome (10× increase due to its large size preventing filtration

79
Q

What is transferrin (siderophilin), and what type of protein is it?

A

Transferrin is a negative acute-phase reactant.

80
Q

To transport iron and prevent its loss through the kidneys.

A

transferrin

81
Q

Name conditions that decrease transferrin levels

A

Liver disease, malnutrition, and nephrotic syndrome

82
Q

Name conditions that increase transferrin levels.

A

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
Hemochromatosis (bronze diabetes)

83
Q

is an acute-phase reactant that binds free heme released during hemoglobin degradation to protect against oxidative damage.

A

Hemopexin

84
Q

What is the hemopexin-to-heme ratio?

A

1:1

85
Q

Name a condition that decreases hemopexin levels.

A

Hemolytic anemia

86
Q

transports cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids in the blood.

A

lipoproteins

87
Q

What are the types of lipoproteins

A

Chylomicrons (CMs)
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

88
Q

It is the light chain component of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
Found on the surface of most nucleated cells and in high concentrations on lymphocytes.

A

β2-Microglobulin

89
Q

Name conditions that increase β2-Microglobulin levels.

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and HIV.

90
Q

is an acute-phase reactant and one of the first to increase during inflammation

A

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

91
Q

Name conditions that increase CRP levels

A

Acute rheumatic fever
Bacterial infections
Myocardial infarction
Rheumatoid arthritis
Carcinomatosis
Gout
Viral infections

92
Q

are glycoproteins produced by B cells that confer humoral immunity.

A

Immunoglobulins

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