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5 LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids and lipoproteins primarily composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)

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2
Q

What additional element is often coupled with CHO in biomolecules to form proteins?

A

Nitrogen

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3
Q

What biomolecule element combination indicates carbohydrates or lipids?

A

CHO without nitrogen

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4
Q

What is another common term for lipids?

A

Fats

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5
Q

What is the main type of bond in lipids that makes them hydrophobic?

A

Covalent and hydrophobic bonds

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6
Q

In what type of solvents are lipids soluble?

A

Organic solvents (e.g., chloroform, ether)

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7
Q

What type of transport mechanism is required for lipids in the blood?

A

Lipoproteins

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8
Q

What role do lipids play in energy storage?

A

Storing energy

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9
Q

Which vitamins rely on lipids for absorption in the small intestine?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

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10
Q

What structural role do lipids play in cells?

A

They are components of the cell membrane.

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11
Q

Name a type of hormone synthesized from lipids.

A

Steroid hormones (e.g., estrogen, testosterone)

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12
Q

What lipid consists of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule?

A

Triglycerides (or triacylglycerol)

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13
Q

What lipid has a phosphate group attached?

A

Phospholipids

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14
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol?

A

Carbon ring structure with alcohol functional groups

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15
Q

A cholesterol molecule forming an ester bond with another molecule

A

cholesteryl ester

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16
Q

What group do fatty acids terminate with?

A

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

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17
Q

How are fatty acids classified based on their length?

A

Short-chain (4-6 carbons), medium-chain (8-12 carbons), and long-chain (more than 12 carbons)

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18
Q

What distinguishes saturated from unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds.

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19
Q

What type of configuration do cis fatty acids have?

A

Same side of the molecule

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20
Q

What type of configuration do trans fatty acids have?

A

Opposite configuration

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21
Q

What is another name for triglycerides?

A

Neutral fats

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22
Q

How many fatty acids are attached to glycerol in triglycerides?

A

Three fatty acids

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23
Q

What type of triglycerides tend to be solid at room temperature?

A

Those containing saturated fatty acids

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24
Q

Where are triglycerides primarily stored in the human body?

A

Adipose tissue

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25
Q

How do phospholipids differ structurally from triglycerides?

A

Phospholipids have only two fatty acids.

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26
Q

Where are phospholipids primarily found in the cell?

A

Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

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27
Q

Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic?

A

The head

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28
Q

Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic?

A

The tail

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29
Q

What is the most abundant form of phospholipid in the cell membrane?

A

Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) – 70%

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30
Q

Which phospholipid is found in the myelin sheath of neurons?

A

Sphingomyelin

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31
Q

Name two types of cephalin.

A

phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine

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32
Q

What role does phosphatidyl serine play in cell signaling?

A

It serves as a cell receptor for signal transduction.

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33
Q

What is the purpose of the hydrophilic heads in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

To interact with the extracellular matrix and cytoplasm

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34
Q

What purpose does phospholipid testing serve in fetal development?

A

To assess if the fetus can survive delivery and detect potential fetal distress

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35
Q

What is the backbone of sphingomyelin?

A

Sphingosine

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36
Q

In which organs does sphingomyelin accumulate in Niemann-Pick disease?

A

Liver and spleen

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37
Q

Which phospholipid is derived from sphingosine rather than glycerol?

A

Sphingomyelin

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38
Q

In which cells or tissues is sphingomyelin an essential component?

A

Red blood cell (RBC) membranes and nerve sheaths

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39
Q

What type of molecule is cholesterol?

A

An unsaturated steroid alcohol

40
Q

How many rings does the structure of cholesterol contain?

A

Four rings (A, B, C, and D)

41
Q

What are the two forms of cholesterol?

A

Esterified (cholesteryl ester) and unesterified (free cholesterol)

42
Q

What condition results from high cholesterol levels in the blood?

A

Hypercholesterolemia

43
Q

What role does cholesterol play in steroid hormone synthesis?

A

It acts as a precursor.

44
Q

What can cholesterol be converted into in the liver?

A

Bile acids (e.g., cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid)

45
Q

Name a vitamin that cholesterol can help synthesize.

A

Vitamin D

46
Q

What reaction does LCAT catalyze for cholesterol?

A

Esterification of cholesterol

47
Q

In which organ is LCAT synthesized?

A

Liver

48
Q

What protein activates LCAT?

A

Apo A-1 (found in HDL)

49
Q

What happens to HDL when LCAT is activated?

A

It accumulates cholesterol as cholesterol ester (esterified cholesterol).

50
Q

What process involves liberating cholesterol from its ester form?

A

Saponification

51
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the body besides being a fuel source?

A

Precursor for steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D

52
Q

What shape are lipoproteins?

A

Spherical

53
Q

What is located on the surface of lipoproteins?

A

Cholesterol and phospholipids

54
Q

What is located in the core of lipoproteins?

A

Triglyceride and cholesteryl ester

55
Q

What is the main function of lipoproteins?

A

Delivery of fuel (lipids) to peripheral cells

56
Q

Name the four major human lipoproteins.

A

Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

57
Q

Which lipoprotein is the least dense?

A

Chylomicrons

58
Q

Which lipoprotein is the most dense?

A

HDL

59
Q

Which lipoprotein carries exogenous triglycerides?

A

Chylomicrons

60
Q

Which lipoprotein carries endogenous triglycerides?

A

VLDL

61
Q

What is the role of LDL in cholesterol transport?

A

Transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral cells (“bad cholesterol”)

62
Q

What is the role of HDL in cholesterol transport?

A

Transports cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver (“good cholesterol”)

63
Q

Where are apolipoproteins primarily located?

A

On the surface of lipoprotein particles

64
Q

What role do apolipoproteins play in the structural integrity of lipoproteins?

A

They help maintain structural integrity.

65
Q

What is the function of apolipoproteins as ligands?

A

They act as ligands for cell receptors and as activators/inhibitors for enzymes.

66
Q

How do apolipoproteins aid in lipid solubilization in the blood?

A

They assist in the esterification of lipids.

67
Q

Name the enzyme that catalyzes the lysis of lipid bonds in lipoproteins.

A

Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)

68
Q

What is the primary apolipoprotein found in chylomicrons?

A

Apo B-48

69
Q

How do chylomicrons affect the appearance of postprandial (after eating) plasma?

A

They cause turbidity in the plasma.

70
Q

Where are chylomicrons produced?

A

In the intestine

71
Q

What is the principal role of chylomicrons?

A

Delivery of dietary lipids to hepatic and peripheral cells

72
Q

What layer do chylomicrons create in plasma?

A

A creamy top layer

73
Q

What is the electrophoretic pattern of VLDL?

A

Pre-beta lipoprotein

74
Q

Where are VLDL produced?

A

In the liver

75
Q

What apolipoproteins do VLDL contain?

A

Apo B-100, apo E, and Apo Cs

76
Q

What do VLDL primarily transport?

A

Endogenous triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues

77
Q

What condition causes VLDL to contribute to turbidity in plasma?

A

Fasting hyperlipidemia

78
Q

What is the layman’s term for LDL

A

Bad cholesterol

79
Q

What is the electrophoretic pattern of LDL?

A

Beta lipoprotein

80
Q

What is the primary apolipoprotein in LDL?

A

Apo B-100

81
Q

How is LDL formed

A

From the lipolysis of VLDL

82
Q

What risk is associated with elevated levels of LDL

A

Hypercholesterolemia leading to atherosclerosis

83
Q

What is the layman’s term for HDL

A

Good cholesterol

84
Q

What is the electrophoretic mobility pattern of HDL?

A

Alpha lipoprotein

85
Q

What is the size and density of HDL compared to other lipoproteins?

A

Smallest and most dense lipoprotein particle

86
Q

Which apolipoprotein is typically found in HDL

A

Apo A-1

87
Q

What are the two major types of HDL?

A

HDL2 and HDL3

88
Q

What type of lipoprotein is Lipoprotein (a)

A

LDL-like particle

89
Q

What does Lipoprotein (a) contain linked to Apo B-100?

A

One molecule of apo (a)

90
Q

What is the risk associated with elevated levels of Lipoprotein (a)?

A

Increased risk of premature coronary heart disease and stroke

91
Q
A
92
Q

How is IDL classified in relation to lipoproteins?

A

A minor lipoprotein

93
Q

What is Lipoprotein X (LpX) rich in?

A

Free cholesterol and phospholipids

94
Q

In what conditions is LpX found?

A

Obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency

95
Q

What does Beta-VLDL refer to?

A

VLDL that appears in the LDL position during electrophoresis

96
Q

What condition is associated with the accumulation of Beta-VLDL?

A

Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia

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