Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CC 1 > 4. CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

4. CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

Main carbohydrate analyte tested in clinical chemistry

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Carbohydrates are compounds containing

A

C, H, and O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

functional groups of Carbohydrates

A

C=O and –OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

we have the presence oxygen covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom

A

hydroxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

contains carbon and oxygen that is connected by a double bond

A

Carbonyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

can reduce other compounds and in order for a certain carbohydrate to be a reducing substance, it should contain an

A

active aldehyde and ketone group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Contains active aldehyde and ketone group carbohydrates

A

Reducing substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reducing substances examples

A

glucose,
maltose,
fructose,
lactose, and
galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

do not have active an aldehyde and ketone groups which cannot reduce other compounds

A

Non-reducing substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Non-reducing substances Example

A

the most common non-reducing substance,

sucrose or table sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primary source of energy for humans

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

it is carbohydrates (in particular, glucose) that provide energy for the

A

brain,
erythrocyte and for the
human retinal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

contain three carbons

A

Trioses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

contain four carbons

A

Tetrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

contain five carbons

A

Pentoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

contain six carbons

A

Hexoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

would have a carbonyl group located on the terminal part

A

Aldose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

would have a carbonyl group located in the middle and is connected to other carbon atoms

A

Ketose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

simple sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed into a simpler form

A

Monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Monosaccharides examples

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

form from the joining of two carbohydrates molecules or two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

A

Disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Disaccharides examples

A

maltose, lactose, and sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

contain 2-10 sugar units

A

Oligosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Oligosaccharides examples

A

raffinose and stachyose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Raffinose consists of

A

1 glucose, 1 fructose, 1 galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stachyose consists of

A

2 galactose, 1 fructose, 1 glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

raffinose and stachyose are found in

A

sugar bits (malasses) and in whole grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

contain more than 10 monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Polysaccharides examples

A

starch and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(hydroxyl group is located on the right of fisher projection) / projected on carbon 5

A

D series: dextrorotatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

(hydroxyl group is located on the left part of fisher projection) / projected on carbon 5

A

L Series: Leverotatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Glucose is broken down into two- and three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid that can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle on conversion to acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA).

A

EMBDEN – MEYERHOF PATHWAY

33
Q

EMBDEN – MEYERHOF PATHWAY is what type of pathway

34
Q

Other substrates that can enter EMP

A

Glycerol, fatty acids, ketones, some amino acids

35
Q

is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

36
Q

means formation or synthesis

37
Q

is the breaking down of glucose

A

Glycolysis

38
Q

Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconic acid, which permits the formation of ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH

A

HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT

39
Q

protect the lipid bilayer and other cell enzymes from destruction

A

Function of NADP

40
Q

This pathway permits pentoses to enter the glycolytic pathway

A

HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT

41
Q

Glucose is converted to __________- for storage

42
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose-1phosphate, which is then converted to uridine diphosphoglucose and then to glycogen by glycogen synthase

A

GLYCOGENESIS

43
Q

Once glucose enters a ________, it remains as glycogen unless catabolized (Glycogenolysis)

A

muscle cell

44
Q

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose to glycogen

A

GLYCOGENESIS

45
Q

What happens in Glycolysis

A

plasma concentration [of glucose?] is decreased

46
Q

What happens in Gluconeogenesis

A

increased plasma concentration [of glucose?]

47
Q

What happens in Glycogenolysis

A

glucose concentration is elevated

48
Q

What happens in Glycogenesis

A

decreased plasma concentration [of glucose]

49
Q

What happens in Lipogenesis

A

glucose concentration will be decreased

50
Q

What happens in Lipolysis

A

glucose concentration will increase

51
Q

Two main hormones that control blood glucose

A

insulin and glucagon produced by pancreas

52
Q

INSULIN  Is synthesized by the

A

beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

53
Q

Normally released when glucose levels are high

Is responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell

54
Q

Insulin regulates glucose by increasing ________ and inhibiting ______________

A

glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis

glycogenolysis

55
Q

conversion of glucose from lactate to pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

56
Q

It inhibits glycogenolysis because glycogenolysis is the formation of glucose from glycogen or the conversion of glycogen into consumable glucose units and you need to remember that insulin is the only hormone that decreases blood sugar level that is why it is known as

A

Hypoglycemic agent

57
Q

GLUCAGON  Is synthesized by the

A

alpha cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

58
Q

Is released during stress and fasting states

When alpha cells of Langerhans detect low blood glucose levels, then they will release

59
Q

GLUCAGON Regulates glucose by increasing

A

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

60
Q

is the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as Glycerol, Amino Acids and Fats

A

Gluconeogenesis

61
Q

Among different types of the agent, this is the primary agent or hormone that increases glucose level, in short, glucagon is a

A

Hyperglycemic agent

62
Q

increase in blood glucose

A

Hyperglycemia

63
Q

Insulin also stimulates the ___________cells to store this excess glucose unit in the form of glycogen.

A

liver and muscle

64
Q

low blood glucose level

A

Hypoglycemia

65
Q

Function of glucagon in terms of liver cells

A

break down glycogen to consumable glucose

make glucose from amino acids through the process called, gluconeogenesis

66
Q

OTHER HORMONES THAT AFFECT CHO METABOLISM: INCREASE GLUCOSE

A

Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Growth hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroxine or T4
Somatostatin

67
Q

Epinephrine - which is a catecholamine, is released by

A

adrenal medulla.

68
Q

This inhibits insulin secretion, increases glycogenolysis and lipolysis

A

Epinephrine

69
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) – is released by

A

adrenal gland in particular, the adrenal cortex.

70
Q

decreases intestinal entry into the cell, increases gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

71
Q

Growth hormone: is released by the

A

anterior pituitary gland

72
Q

o It decreases the entry of glucose into the cells and increases glycolysis; its release from the pituitary is stimulated by decreased glucose levels and inhibited by increased glucose

o It is a hyperglycemic hormone yet it is also capable of increasing glycolysis or the conversion of glucose into lactate or pyruvate

A

Growth hormone

73
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the

A

anterior pituitary gland

74
Q

ACTH release is stimulated by

A

decrease levels of cortisol

75
Q

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and increases plasma glucose by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

76
Q

Thyroxine or T4 is released by the

A

thyroid gland

77
Q

regulates glucose by increasing glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption of glucose

A

Thyroxine or T4

78
Q

Somatostatin is released by

A

delta cells of islets of Langerhans

79
Q

regulates glucose by the inhibition of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and other endocrine hormones

A

Somatostatin

CC 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions