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CC 1 > 4. CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

4. CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

Main carbohydrate analyte tested in clinical chemistry

A

glucose

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2
Q

Carbohydrates are compounds containing

A

C, H, and O

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3
Q

functional groups of Carbohydrates

A

C=O and –OH

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4
Q

we have the presence oxygen covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom

A

hydroxyl group

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5
Q

contains carbon and oxygen that is connected by a double bond

A

Carbonyl

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6
Q

can reduce other compounds and in order for a certain carbohydrate to be a reducing substance, it should contain an

A

active aldehyde and ketone group

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7
Q

Contains active aldehyde and ketone group carbohydrates

A

Reducing substances

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8
Q

Reducing substances examples

A

glucose,
maltose,
fructose,
lactose, and
galactose

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9
Q

do not have active an aldehyde and ketone groups which cannot reduce other compounds

A

Non-reducing substances

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10
Q

Non-reducing substances Example

A

the most common non-reducing substance,

sucrose or table sugar

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11
Q

primary source of energy for humans

A

Glucose

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12
Q

it is carbohydrates (in particular, glucose) that provide energy for the

A

brain,
erythrocyte and for the
human retinal cells.

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13
Q

contain three carbons

A

Trioses

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14
Q

contain four carbons

A

Tetrose

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15
Q

contain five carbons

A

Pentoses

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16
Q

contain six carbons

A

Hexoses

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17
Q

would have a carbonyl group located on the terminal part

A

Aldose

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18
Q

would have a carbonyl group located in the middle and is connected to other carbon atoms

A

Ketose

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19
Q

simple sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed into a simpler form

A

Monosaccharides

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20
Q

Monosaccharides examples

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

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21
Q

form from the joining of two carbohydrates molecules or two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

A

Disaccharides

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22
Q

Disaccharides examples

A

maltose, lactose, and sucrose

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23
Q

contain 2-10 sugar units

A

Oligosaccharides

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24
Q

Oligosaccharides examples

A

raffinose and stachyose

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25
Q

Raffinose consists of

A

1 glucose, 1 fructose, 1 galactose

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26
Q

Stachyose consists of

A

2 galactose, 1 fructose, 1 glucose

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27
Q

raffinose and stachyose are found in

A

sugar bits (malasses) and in whole grains

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28
Q

contain more than 10 monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

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29
Q

Polysaccharides examples

A

starch and glycogen

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30
Q

(hydroxyl group is located on the right of fisher projection) / projected on carbon 5

A

D series: dextrorotatory

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31
Q

(hydroxyl group is located on the left part of fisher projection) / projected on carbon 5

A

L Series: Leverotatory

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32
Q

Glucose is broken down into two- and three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid that can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle on conversion to acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA).

A

EMBDEN – MEYERHOF PATHWAY

33
Q

EMBDEN – MEYERHOF PATHWAY is what type of pathway

A

Aerobic

34
Q

Other substrates that can enter EMP

A

Glycerol, fatty acids, ketones, some amino acids

35
Q

is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

36
Q

means formation or synthesis

A

genesis

37
Q

is the breaking down of glucose

A

Glycolysis

38
Q

Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconic acid, which permits the formation of ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH

A

HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT

39
Q

protect the lipid bilayer and other cell enzymes from destruction

A

Function of NADP

40
Q

This pathway permits pentoses to enter the glycolytic pathway

A

HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT

41
Q

Glucose is converted to __________- for storage

A

glycogen

42
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose-1phosphate, which is then converted to uridine diphosphoglucose and then to glycogen by glycogen synthase

A

GLYCOGENESIS

43
Q

Once glucose enters a ________, it remains as glycogen unless catabolized (Glycogenolysis)

A

muscle cell

44
Q

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose to glycogen

A

GLYCOGENESIS

45
Q

What happens in Glycolysis

A

plasma concentration [of glucose?] is decreased

46
Q

What happens in Gluconeogenesis

A

increased plasma concentration [of glucose?]

47
Q

What happens in Glycogenolysis

A

glucose concentration is elevated

48
Q

What happens in Glycogenesis

A

decreased plasma concentration [of glucose]

49
Q

What happens in Lipogenesis

A

glucose concentration will be decreased

50
Q

What happens in Lipolysis

A

glucose concentration will increase

51
Q

Two main hormones that control blood glucose

A

insulin and glucagon produced by pancreas

52
Q

INSULIN  Is synthesized by the

A

beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

53
Q

Normally released when glucose levels are high

Is responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell

A

INSULIN

54
Q

Insulin regulates glucose by increasing ________ and inhibiting ______________

A

glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis

glycogenolysis

55
Q

conversion of glucose from lactate to pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

56
Q

It inhibits glycogenolysis because glycogenolysis is the formation of glucose from glycogen or the conversion of glycogen into consumable glucose units and you need to remember that insulin is the only hormone that decreases blood sugar level that is why it is known as

A

Hypoglycemic agent

57
Q

GLUCAGON  Is synthesized by the

A

alpha cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

58
Q

Is released during stress and fasting states

When alpha cells of Langerhans detect low blood glucose levels, then they will release

A

GLUCAGON

59
Q

GLUCAGON Regulates glucose by increasing

A

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

60
Q

is the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as Glycerol, Amino Acids and Fats

A

Gluconeogenesis

61
Q

Among different types of the agent, this is the primary agent or hormone that increases glucose level, in short, glucagon is a

A

Hyperglycemic agent

62
Q

increase in blood glucose

A

Hyperglycemia

63
Q

Insulin also stimulates the ___________cells to store this excess glucose unit in the form of glycogen.

A

liver and muscle

64
Q

low blood glucose level

A

Hypoglycemia

65
Q

Function of glucagon in terms of liver cells

A

break down glycogen to consumable glucose

make glucose from amino acids through the process called, gluconeogenesis

66
Q

OTHER HORMONES THAT AFFECT CHO METABOLISM: INCREASE GLUCOSE

A

Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Growth hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroxine or T4
Somatostatin

67
Q

Epinephrine - which is a catecholamine, is released by

A

adrenal medulla.

68
Q

This inhibits insulin secretion, increases glycogenolysis and lipolysis

A

Epinephrine

69
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) – is released by

A

adrenal gland in particular, the adrenal cortex.

70
Q

decreases intestinal entry into the cell, increases gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

71
Q

Growth hormone: is released by the

A

anterior pituitary gland

72
Q

o It decreases the entry of glucose into the cells and increases glycolysis; its release from the pituitary is stimulated by decreased glucose levels and inhibited by increased glucose

o It is a hyperglycemic hormone yet it is also capable of increasing glycolysis or the conversion of glucose into lactate or pyruvate

A

Growth hormone

73
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the

A

anterior pituitary gland

74
Q

ACTH release is stimulated by

A

decrease levels of cortisol

75
Q

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and increases plasma glucose by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

76
Q

Thyroxine or T4 is released by the

A

thyroid gland

77
Q

regulates glucose by increasing glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption of glucose

A

Thyroxine or T4

78
Q

Somatostatin is released by

A

delta cells of islets of Langerhans

79
Q

regulates glucose by the inhibition of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and other endocrine hormones

A

Somatostatin

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