1- BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES Flashcards

1
Q

A quantitative science that is concerned with measurement of amounts of biologically important substances in body fluids.

A

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

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2
Q

Examples of analytes in CC

A

 Ions, salts and minerals
 Metabolites
 Therapeutic drugs
 Drugs of abuse
 Proteins
 Enzymes
 Lipoproteins
 Diabetes marker

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3
Q

Specific samples of analytes that are Ions, salts and minerals

A

potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride, phosphorus, lead, iron

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4
Q

Specific samples of analytes that are Metabolites

A

glucose, urea, bilirubin, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol

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5
Q

Specific samples of analytes that are Therapeutic drugs

A

digoxin, vancomycin, theophylline, phenytoin, valproic acid

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6
Q

Specific samples of analytes that are Drugs of abuse

A

cocaine, barbiturates, amphetamines, opiates, cannabinoids

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7
Q

Specific samples of analytes that are Proteins

A

albumin, haptoglobin, transferrin,
ferritin

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8
Q

Specific samples of analytes that are Lipoproteins

A

Lipoprotein (a), HDL, LDL

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9
Q

Specific samples of analytes that are Enzymes

A

alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, amylase, lipase

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10
Q

Specific samples of analytes that are Diabetes marker

A

Hemoglobin A1c

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11
Q

It is to be remembered that ________ are analyzed in the laboratory while the __________ are measured and quantified

A

specimens or samples
analytes

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12
Q

When an individual test is not sufficient to assess the medical condition of the patient, combination of several test may be used, which is known as

A

Panel or profile

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13
Q

Panel or profile examples

A

Hepatic Panel (Liver Profile)
Lipid Profile

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14
Q

These tests are used to determine hepatic
dysfunction or hepatic damage

A

Hepatic panel

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15
Q

Which analytes are quantified in a Hepatic Panel (Liver Profile)

A

Albumin
Total Protein
Alkaline phosphatase
Alanine aminotransferase
Aspartate aminotransferase
Total Bilirubin
Direct Bilirubin

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16
Q

Which analytes are quantified in a Lipid Profile

A

Total Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol
Triglycerides

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17
Q

Results of clinical chemistry tests are compared to what in order to determine if it is normal

A

reference intervals or a medical decision level (MDL)

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18
Q

MDL that is not a clinical entity but an
indication that the patient is at risk of having diabetes mellitus

A

Impaired fasting glucose

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19
Q

MDL that means the patient has
diabetes mellitus

A

Provisional diabetes diagnosis

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20
Q

Normal Fasting Glucose range

A

FPG 70-99 mg/dl
3.9 - 5.5 mmol/L

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21
Q

Impaired Fasting Glucose range

A

FPG 100-125 mg/dl
5.6-6.9 mmol/L

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22
Q

Provisional Diabetes Diagnosis ranged

A

FPG >126 mg/dl
>7.0 mmol/L

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23
Q

2 components of a quantitative laboratory result

A

Actual value
Unit of expression

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24
Q

components of a quantitative laboratory result that describes the numeric value

A

Actual value

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25
Q

components of a quantitative laboratory result that describes the physical quantity or
dimension (e.g. mass, volume, length or time)

A

Unit of expression

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26
Q

o Adopted internationally in 1960
o Preferred in scientific literature and clinical
laboratories
o Based on metric system
o Only system used in many countries

A

Système Internationale d’Unités (SI)

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27
Q

a compound or mixture added to a system to start or test a chemical reaction

A

reagent

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28
Q

Type of chemicals that are best for lab use

A

Analytic reagent grade (AR) and ultrapure

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29
Q

CHEMICALS USED FOR REAGENT PREPARATION

A

Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade
Ultrapure Reagent
Chemically Pure (CP)/ Pure Grade
Technical/ Commercial Grade

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30
Q

o Must meet specifications set of the American Chemical Society (ACS)

o Must have labels with the initials AR or ACS or the term For laboratory use or ACS Standard-Grade Reference Materials

A

Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade

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31
Q

Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade are commonly used for?

A

calibration of instruments

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32
Q

In which analysis do we use analytic reagent grade

A

For trace metal analysis and preparation of standard solution

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33
Q

chemical grade that is put through additional purification procedures

A

Ultrapure Reagent

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34
Q

Ultrapure Reagent for use in specific procedures such as

A

chromatography, atomic absorption, immunoassays, and molecular diagnostics

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35
Q

Labels attached to ultrapure reagents

A

with designations of HPLC (high performance
liquid chromatography) or chromatographic

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36
Q

Impurity limitations are not stated and preparation is not uniform

Not recommended for research & analytical chemistry

A

Chemically Pure (CP)/ Pure Grade

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37
Q

Since impurity limitations of chemically pure/ pure grade reagents are not stated, Purity is assessed by measurement of

A

melting point or boiling point

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38
Q

o Primarily used in manufacturing
o Should never be used in the clinical laboratory

A

Technical/ Commercial Grade

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39
Q

Technical/Commercial grade is handled by

A

United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF)

40
Q

Technical/Commercial grade is primarily used for

A

Drug manufacturing

41
Q

A major source of safety information for employees

OSHA Federal Hazard Communication Standard

Requires that all employees have a right to know all about the chemical hazards present in their workplace

A

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)

42
Q

Information contained in an MSDS includes the following:

A

o Physical and chemical characteristics
o Fire and explosion potential
o Reactivity potential
o Health hazards and emergency first aid procedures
 When there will be splattering or splashing, what are the emergency first aid procedures
o Methods for safe handling and disposal
o Primary routes of entry
o Exposure limits and carcinogenic potential

43
Q

Solution containing known concentration of a particular chemical or analyte

A

Standard solution/ Standards

44
Q

Highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to produce substance of exact known concentration & purity

A

Primary Standard

45
Q

Primary Standard American Chemical Society (ACS) purity tolerances

A

100±0.02%

46
Q

certified the use of standard reference materials (SRMs) instead of ACS primary standards

A

National Institute of Standards and Testing (NIST)

47
Q

Substance of lower purity, with its concentration determined by comparison with primary standard

A

SECONDARY STANDARD

48
Q

 Composed of the glucose reagent and the
glucose standard
 used when performing enzymatic method of
glucose determination
o Glucose oxidase method of glucose
determination

A

Glucose (oxidase) liquid reagent

49
Q

There are two (2) organizations providing guidelines for proper chemical selection and reagent preparation

A

o College of American Pathologists (CAP)
o Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

50
Q

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Formerly known as the

A

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)

51
Q

most frequently used reagent in clinical laboratory

A

Water

52
Q

Water is used

A

To prepare reagents
As diluent for controls and standards
To flush and clean the internal components of
analyzers or of instruments in the Clinical Chemistry laboratory
To wash and rinse laboratory glassware (cluster purity)

53
Q

Labs use what grade of water

A

Reagent grade water

54
Q

6 types of reagent grade water (CLSI):

A

o Clinical laboratory reagent water (CLRW)
o Special reagent water (SRW)
o Instrument feed water
o Water supplied by method manufacturer
o Autoclave and wash water
o Commercially bottled purified water

55
Q

Can be of use in place of Type 1 and Type 2 water

A

Clinical laboratory reagent water (CLRW)

56
Q

Satisfactory replacement for Type 3 water

A

Autoclave and wash water

57
Q

Water For test methods or analytical procedures requiring minimum interference

A

Type 1

58
Q

Type 1 water is used for test like

A

Flame photometry,
AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry)
blood gases and pH (analysis)
enzyme studies
electrolyte testing
HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)
trace metal and iron studies

59
Q

Water typed used for Reagent, quality control, and standard preparation

A

Type 2 water

60
Q

type 2 water is usually used in tests like

A

Hematology, Microbiology, Immunology, and
Chemistry analysis

61
Q

Water type used for glassware washing

A

Type 3

62
Q

Type 3 water is commonly used in

A

UA (urinalysis), Parasitology, and Histology

63
Q

Indicator of ionic content of purified water

A

Resistivity

64
Q

Type 1 water must have a resistivity of

A

> 10 MΩ

65
Q

MONITORING WATER PURITY what factors

A

Resistivity
Bacterial content (count)
pH
Silica content
Organic contaminants

66
Q

Most commonly found organisms after purification process are

A

gram-negative gut (ex. E. coli)

67
Q

Crystalline compound that is common constituent in rocks, minerals & sand

A

Silica

68
Q

Organic contaminants

A

Phenolic compounds, petroleum, pesticides

69
Q

METHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION

A

Prefiltration
Distillation
Reverse osmosis
Deionization

70
Q

uses activated charcoal to remove organic materials and a submicron filter or a filter that would remove substances larger than the filter’s pores

A

Prefiltration

71
Q
A
72
Q
A
73
Q
A
74
Q

Under this method, water is first heated to the boiling point and the water vapor rises to the condenser (glass tube with glass coils) and the vapor is converted to liquid state and then is collected and stored in the storage tank

A

Distillation

74
Q

This method is the oldest method of water purification’

A

Distillation

75
Q

Distillation and Reverse osmosis can produce what type of water when additional filtration is added

A

Type 1

75
Q

Uses pressure (high pressure) to force water through a semi permeable membrane

This filter removes 95% to 99% of organic
compounds, bacteria and other particulate matter and about 95% of all ionized and dissolved materials

A

Reverse osmosis

76
Q

This method uses bead-like resin materials (ion
exchange resins (cation resin and anion resin))

 Ion present in the water sample are exchanged for other ions which are fixed to the beads

A

Deionization

77
Q

Cation resin:
Anion resin:

A

Cation resin: hydrogen ion (attached to the resin)
Anion resin: hydroxyl ion (fixed to the resin)

78
Q

A reagent grade water can be obtained by what specific order of filtration

A

Prefiltration
Reverse osmosis
Deionization
0.2mm filter or more restrictive filtration process

79
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE

A

Borosilicate glass
Corex
Vycor
Low actinic glass
Standard Flint Glass

80
Q

Most common type of glassware in volume
measurement

A

Borosilicate glass

81
Q

Borosilicate glass is free from which group of elements

A

magnesium-lime zinc group of elements, heavy metals, arsenic, and antimony

82
Q

Borosilicate glass commercial types

A

Pyrex and Kimax

83
Q

o A special alumina-silicate glass that has been
strengthened chemically rather than thermally
o Characterized by high degree of chemical resistance
o 6 times stronger than borosilicate

A

corex

84
Q

o Recommended use for applications involving high temperature, drastic heat shock, and extreme chemical treatment with acid and alkali
o Acid and alkali resistant

A

Vycor

85
Q

o Amber or red color added as integral part of the glass
o Gives maximum protection to light sensitive
materials (bilirubin)

A

Low actinic glass

86
Q

Which types of glass has high thermal resistance

A

Borosilicate glass and Low actinic glass

87
Q

o Made up of soda-lime glass and a mixture of calcium, silicon, and sodium oxides
o Poor resistance to high temperature

A

Standard Flint Glass

88
Q

TYPES OF PLASTICWARE

A

Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Polycarbonate
Polystyrene
Teflon

89
Q

o Flexible or rigid, is chemically resistant, and can be autoclaved
o Used in the manufacturing of plastic pipet tips, specimen tubes, and test tubes
o Can withstand temperatures down to - 190ᵒC

A

Polypropylene

90
Q

Type of plastic that is

Used in the manufacturing of test tubes, bottles, graduated tubes, stoppers, disposable transfer pipets, volumetric pipets, and test tube racks

A

Polyethylene

91
Q

Type of plastic that is

o Used to manufacture tubes for centrifugation, graduated cylinders, and flasks
o Useable temp range is - 100ᵒC to +160ᵒC

A

Polycarbonate

92
Q

Type of plastic that is

o Used to manufacture capped graduated tubes and test tubes
o Rigid, clear type of plastic which should not be autoclaved
o Will crack and splinter when crushed
o Not resistant to hydrocarbons, ketones, and alcohols

A

Polystyrene

93
Q

Type of plastic used

o For manufacturing stirring bars, tubing, cryogenic vials, and bottle cap liners
o -270ᵒC to +255ᵒC
o Resistant to a wide range of chemical classes

A

Teflon

94
Q

Most commonly used measuring or graduated pipet in CC

A

Serologic and Mohr pipet

95
Q
A