1- BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES Flashcards
A quantitative science that is concerned with measurement of amounts of biologically important substances in body fluids.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Examples of analytes in CC
Ions, salts and minerals
Metabolites
Therapeutic drugs
Drugs of abuse
Proteins
Enzymes
Lipoproteins
Diabetes marker
Specific samples of analytes that are Ions, salts and minerals
potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride, phosphorus, lead, iron
Specific samples of analytes that are Metabolites
glucose, urea, bilirubin, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol
Specific samples of analytes that are Therapeutic drugs
digoxin, vancomycin, theophylline, phenytoin, valproic acid
Specific samples of analytes that are Drugs of abuse
cocaine, barbiturates, amphetamines, opiates, cannabinoids
Specific samples of analytes that are Proteins
albumin, haptoglobin, transferrin,
ferritin
Specific samples of analytes that are Lipoproteins
Lipoprotein (a), HDL, LDL
Specific samples of analytes that are Enzymes
alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, amylase, lipase
Specific samples of analytes that are Diabetes marker
Hemoglobin A1c
It is to be remembered that ________ are analyzed in the laboratory while the __________ are measured and quantified
specimens or samples
analytes
When an individual test is not sufficient to assess the medical condition of the patient, combination of several test may be used, which is known as
Panel or profile
Panel or profile examples
Hepatic Panel (Liver Profile)
Lipid Profile
These tests are used to determine hepatic
dysfunction or hepatic damage
Hepatic panel
Which analytes are quantified in a Hepatic Panel (Liver Profile)
Albumin
Total Protein
Alkaline phosphatase
Alanine aminotransferase
Aspartate aminotransferase
Total Bilirubin
Direct Bilirubin
Which analytes are quantified in a Lipid Profile
Total Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Results of clinical chemistry tests are compared to what in order to determine if it is normal
reference intervals or a medical decision level (MDL)
MDL that is not a clinical entity but an
indication that the patient is at risk of having diabetes mellitus
Impaired fasting glucose
MDL that means the patient has
diabetes mellitus
Provisional diabetes diagnosis
Normal Fasting Glucose range
FPG 70-99 mg/dl
3.9 - 5.5 mmol/L
Impaired Fasting Glucose range
FPG 100-125 mg/dl
5.6-6.9 mmol/L
Provisional Diabetes Diagnosis ranged
FPG >126 mg/dl
>7.0 mmol/L
2 components of a quantitative laboratory result
Actual value
Unit of expression
components of a quantitative laboratory result that describes the numeric value
Actual value
components of a quantitative laboratory result that describes the physical quantity or
dimension (e.g. mass, volume, length or time)
Unit of expression
o Adopted internationally in 1960
o Preferred in scientific literature and clinical
laboratories
o Based on metric system
o Only system used in many countries
Système Internationale d’Unités (SI)
a compound or mixture added to a system to start or test a chemical reaction
reagent
Type of chemicals that are best for lab use
Analytic reagent grade (AR) and ultrapure
CHEMICALS USED FOR REAGENT PREPARATION
Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade
Ultrapure Reagent
Chemically Pure (CP)/ Pure Grade
Technical/ Commercial Grade
o Must meet specifications set of the American Chemical Society (ACS)
o Must have labels with the initials AR or ACS or the term For laboratory use or ACS Standard-Grade Reference Materials
Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade
Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade are commonly used for?
calibration of instruments
In which analysis do we use analytic reagent grade
For trace metal analysis and preparation of standard solution
chemical grade that is put through additional purification procedures
Ultrapure Reagent
Ultrapure Reagent for use in specific procedures such as
chromatography, atomic absorption, immunoassays, and molecular diagnostics
Labels attached to ultrapure reagents
with designations of HPLC (high performance
liquid chromatography) or chromatographic
Impurity limitations are not stated and preparation is not uniform
Not recommended for research & analytical chemistry
Chemically Pure (CP)/ Pure Grade
Since impurity limitations of chemically pure/ pure grade reagents are not stated, Purity is assessed by measurement of
melting point or boiling point
o Primarily used in manufacturing
o Should never be used in the clinical laboratory
Technical/ Commercial Grade