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Chemistry > 6.2 > Flashcards

6.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Optical isomers definition

A

Molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of eachother

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2
Q

Chiral carbon definiton

A

A carbon with four DIFFERENT groups attached to it

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3
Q

Amide definition

A

A class of compound with a functional group made of an acyl group that is directly connected to an amine

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4
Q

Polymerisation definition

A

A process in which monomers join together into large molecules consisting of repeating units

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5
Q

Addition polymerisation definition

A

Monomers joining up with the breaking of a C=C bond. All atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer

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6
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

Monomers joining up with the removal of small molecules. Not all the atoms in the monomers are present in the polymer.

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7
Q

What kind of polymer is nylon?

A

Polyamide

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8
Q

Name the 4 types of combinations of molecules to form condensation polymers

A

Dicarboxylic acid + diol
Dicarboxylic acid + diamine
Amino acids
Hydroxycarboxylic acids

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9
Q

How many small molecules are formed from condensation polymerisation?

A

2n - 1

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10
Q

What is needed for hydrolysis?

A

Hot (aq) basic/acidic solutions

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11
Q

True or false: Acid hydrolysis of polyesters is faster than basic hydrolysis

A

False - basic hydrolysis of polyesters is faster than acid hydrolysis

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12
Q

True or false: Acid hydrolysis of polyamides is faster than basic hydrolysis

A

True

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13
Q

Name a biodegradable polymer and its derivatives

A

Polylactic acid

Corn starch

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14
Q

What does acid hydrolysis of polyesters make?

A

Seperates polymer into original monomers (dicarboxylic acid and diol)

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15
Q

What does basic hydrolysis of polyesters make?

A

Dicarboxylic acid/ Na+ ion
(because carboxylic acids are strong enough to react with NaOH)
+
Diol
(because alcohols are too weak to react with NaOH)

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16
Q

What does acid hydrolysis of polyamides make?

A

Diammonium ion (NH3+)
(because the NH2 is protonated by the H+)
+
Dicarboxylic acid

17
Q

What does basic hydrolysis of polyamides make?

A

Diamine
+
Dicarboxylic acid/ Na+ ion

18
Q

Name the 3 reactions to extend the carbon chain

A

Haloalkane + KCN (alc) –> Nitrile + KX

Carbonyl + HCN –> Hydroxynitrile

Benzene + (alkyl or acyl)Cl –> (Alkyl or Acyl)benzene + HCl

19
Q

What kind of reaction is extending the carbon chain with the haloalkane method?

A

Nucleophilic substitution (X subbed for CN)

20
Q

What kind of reaction is extending the carbon chain with the carbonyl method?

A

Nucleophilic addition (open the C=O and add CN)

21
Q

Why is the KCN in nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes alcoholic?

A

To prevent the nucleophile OH- from water reacting with the haloalkane to form alcohol

22
Q

What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution of a haloalkane?

A

Reflux
Alcoholic solution

23
Q

What are the conditions for nucleophilic addition of a carbonyl?

A

Reflux
Add KCN then dilute acid to form CN-

24
Q

What are the conditions for alkylation?

A

Room temperature
Dry inert solvent
AlCl3 catalyst

25
Q

What are the conditions for acylation?

A

Reflux at 50°C
Dry inert solvent
AlCl3 catalyst

26
Q

What is the problem with extending the carbon chain through nucleophilic addition of a carbonyl?

A

If different groups are attached to the C=O, it is a chiral carbon.
This means a mixture of optical isomers is formed (due to above and below attacks of the CN-).
Isomers have to be separated to obtain the effective one, which is expensive and complicated. Non-seperation can lead to dangerous side effects or larger doses being needed.

27
Q

How can nitriles be turned into other products?

A

Reduction into amines
Acid Hydrolysis into carboxylic acids

28
Q

How is the CN- formed for nucleophilic addition of a carbonyl?

A

The carbonyl is mixed with a solution of KCN (or NaCN) in dilute acid.
In this solution is HCN from the reaction of the KCN and H+ but also contains some free CN- ions.
OR
If you use HCN itself, add a little NaOH to produce CN- ions.

Whatever the reagents, the mixture will contain HCN and CN- ions.

Chemistry (22 decks)

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