4.1

Question 1

Homologous series

Answer 1

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group with successive members differing by CH2

Question 2

Aliphatic

Answer 2

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

Question 3

Alicyclic

Answer 3

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure

Question 4

Aromatic

Answer 4

A hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene ring

Question 5

Saturated

Answer 5

Has only single bonds

Question 6

Functional group

Answer 6

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound

Question 7

General formula

Answer 7

The simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series

Question 8

Displayed formula

Answer 8

Shows the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them

Question 9

Structural formula

Answer 9

Provides the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 10

Skeletal formula

Answer 10

Simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains

Question 11

Structural isomers

Answer 11

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 12

Stereoisomers

Answer 12

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula and structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space

Question 13

E/Z isomerism

Answer 13

A type of stereoisomerism caused by restricted rotation around the double bond - 2 different groups are attached to both carbon atoms of the double bond

Question 14

Cis-trans isomerism

Answer 14

Type of E/Z isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to both carbon atoms in the double bond are the same

Question 15

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules

Answer 15

Locate the C=C double bond.
Focus on one C and assign priority of each substituent based on its relative atomic mass.
Then do the same for the second C.
If the highest priority groups are on the same side of the C=C double bond, then the isomer is Z.
If the highest priority groups are on the different sides of the C=C double bond, then the isomer is E.

Question 16

Reaction mechanisms

Answer 16

Models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction

Question 17

Radicals

Answer 17

Species with one or more unpaired electrons

Question 18

Homolytic fission

Answer 18

When each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming 2 radicals

Question 19

Heterolytic fission

Answer 19

When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair

Question 20

Electrophile

Answer 20

An electron pair acceptor

Question 21

Monomers

Answer 21

Small molecules used to make polymers

Question 22

Polymers

Answer 22

Macromolecules made from small repeating units

Question 23

Repeating unit

Answer 23

A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in a structure repeatedly

Question 24

Biodegradable

Answer 24

Materials affected by the action of microorganisms and environmental conditions, leading to decomposition

Question 25

Bioplastic

Answer 25

A material made from a renewable source that it biodegradable

Question 26

Hydrogenation

Answer 26

150°C, Nickel catalyst

Question 27

Hydration

Answer 27

Steam, 300°C, 65atm, H3PO4 catalyst

Question 28

Sigma bond

Answer 28

Direct overlap of the electron clouds of the two atoms

Question 29

Pi bond

Answer 29

Formed by electrons in the adjacent p-orbitals overlapping above and below the carbon atoms

Question 30

Which isomer has kinks and a lower density and m.p - cis or trans?

Answer 30

Cis

Question 31

Markownikoff’s rule

Answer 31

When HX or H2O is added to an alkene, the H attaches to the C with the most Hs to make the more stable carbocation

Question 32

3 ways to get rid of polymer waste

Answer 32

Landfill
Combustion
Biodegration