4.1 Flashcards
Homologous series
A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group with successive members differing by CH2
Aliphatic
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains
Alicyclic
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure
Aromatic
A hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene ring
Saturated
Has only single bonds
Functional group
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound
General formula
The simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series
Displayed formula
Shows the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them
Structural formula
Provides the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Skeletal formula
Simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains
Structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
Stereoisomers
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula and structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space
E/Z isomerism
A type of stereoisomerism caused by restricted rotation around the double bond
Occurs if the groups bonded to each C atom in the C=C bond are different
(About priority, which is determined through atomic number, unless it’s an isomer)
Cis-trans isomerism
A type of E/Z isomerism in which both of the C atoms in the C=C bond have at least one substituent group in common
(About being identical)
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules
Locate the C=C double bond.
Focus on one C and assign priority of each substituent based on its relative atomic mass.
Then do the same for the second C.
If the highest priority groups are on the same side of the C=C double bond, then the isomer is Z.
If the highest priority groups are on the different sides of the C=C double bond, then the isomer is E.
Reaction mechanisms
Models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction
Radicals
Species with one or more unpaired electrons
Homolytic fission
When each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming 2 radicals
Heterolytic fission
When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair
Electrophile
An electron pair acceptor
Monomers
Small molecules used to make polymers
Polymers
Macromolecules made from small repeating units
Repeating unit
A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in a structure repeatedly
Biodegradable
Materials affected by the action of microorganisms and environmental conditions, leading to decomposition
