4.1 Flashcards
Homologous series
A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group with successive members differing by CH2
Aliphatic
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains
Alicyclic
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure
Aromatic
A hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene ring
Saturated
Has only single bonds
Functional group
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound
General formula
The simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series
Displayed formula
Shows the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them
Structural formula
Provides the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Skeletal formula
Simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains
Structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
Stereoisomers
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula and structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space
E/Z isomerism
A type of stereoisomerism caused by restricted rotation around the double bond - 2 different groups are attached to both carbon atoms of the double bond
Cis-trans isomerism
Type of E/Z isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to both carbon atoms in the double bond are the same
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules
Locate the C=C double bond.
Focus on one C and assign priority of each substituent based on its relative atomic mass.
Then do the same for the second C.
If the highest priority groups are on the same side of the C=C double bond, then the isomer is Z.
If the highest priority groups are on the different sides of the C=C double bond, then the isomer is E.
Reaction mechanisms
Models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction
Radicals
Species with one or more unpaired electrons
Homolytic fission
When each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming 2 radicals
Heterolytic fission
When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair
Electrophile
An electron pair acceptor
Monomers
Small molecules used to make polymers
Polymers
Macromolecules made from small repeating units
Repeating unit
A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in a structure repeatedly
Biodegradable
Materials affected by the action of microorganisms and environmental conditions, leading to decomposition
Bioplastic
A material made from a renewable source that it biodegradable
Hydrogenation
150°C, Nickel catalyst
Hydration
Steam, 300°C, 65atm, H3PO4 catalyst
Sigma bond
Direct overlap of the electron clouds of the two atoms
Pi bond
Formed by electrons in the adjacent p-orbitals overlapping above and below the carbon atoms
Which isomer has kinks and a lower density and m.p - cis or trans?
Cis
Markownikoff’s rule
When HX or H2O is added to an alkene, the H attaches to the C with the most Hs to make the more stable carbocation
3 ways to get rid of polymer waste
Landfill
Combustion
Biodegration
