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WSET Level 3 Award in Wines > 6. Vineyard Management > Flashcards

6. Vineyard Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What 5 environmental factors influence the choice of grape variety grown in a particular vineyard site?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Rainfall
  3. Sunlight hour
  4. Soil fertility
  5. Soil drainage
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2
Q

What 4 business considerations influence the choice of selecting a particular vineyard site?

A
  1. Proximity to utility infrastructure (power, water, etc.)
  2. Availability of a vineyard workforce
  3. Accessibility of site for machinery
  4. Cost of the land
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3
Q

When do most vines need to be replaced?

A

Between 30 and 50 years old

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4
Q

What does the term ‘old vines’ typically refer to? What are the benefits of producing wine from old vines? Downfalls?

A

Denotes a wine made from well-established plants

Benefits: Exceptional quality, greater concentration of flavors
Downfalls: yield decreases with age, more susceptible to disease

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5
Q

How long does the typically vineyard need to recover after its dug up to be replanted?

A

3 years

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6
Q

What is vine training? Name the 2 main types.

A

The shaping of the permanent wood

  1. Head training
  2. Cordon training
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7
Q

When would one use head training?

A

For vines that have relatively little permanent wood.

-Typically spur-pruned or replacement cane-pruned

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8
Q

When would one use cordon training?

A

For vines that typically have a trunk with one or more permanent horizontal arms or ‘cordons.’
-Typically spur-pruned

Makes machine-harvesting easier (more sturdy)

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9
Q

Which takes longer: head or cordon training? Why?

A

Cordon. Greater amount of permanent wood.

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10
Q

What is pruning? When does it take place?

A
  • The removal of unwanted leaves, canes, and permanent wood.
  • Shapes vine
  • Limits vine size
  • Takes place every winter and summer
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11
Q

What is the purpose of winter pruning?

A

Determine the number and location of the buds that will form shoots in the coming growing season.
-Ensure the buds are not too close together for canopy management

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12
Q

What are the 2 styles of winter pruning? Which is more complex?

A
  1. Spur pruning

2. Replacement-cane pruning (more complex)

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13
Q

What is spur-pruning?

A

Type of winter pruning. Spurs are short sections of one-year-old wood that have been cut down to only two to three buds. The spurs can either be distributed along a cordon of permanent wood (cordon training) or around the top of the trunk (head training).

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14
Q

What is replacement-cane pruning?

A

Type of winter pruning. Canes are longer sections of one-year-old wood and can have anything between 8 and 20 buds.
-Only 1 or 2 canes are retained. They are tied horizontally to the trellis for support.

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15
Q

What is a Single Guyot? Double Guyot?

A

Single: when 1 cane is retained in replacement cane pruning.
Double: when 2 canes are retained

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16
Q

What is the purpose of summer pruning?

A
  • Trimming the canopy to restrict vegetative growth and direct sugar production to the grape, rather than to the growth of shoots and leaves.
  • Leaf stripping so that grapes have optimum exposure to sunlight.
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17
Q

What is a trellis?

A

Permanent structures of stakes and wires that are used to support any replacement canes and the vine’s annual growth.

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18
Q

What type of vines are untrellised? When would a grape-grower choose to have an untrellised vineyard? Give 2 examples of regions that are properly suited for untrellised vineyards.

A

“Bush vines”

  • Best suited to warm or hot, dry, sunny regions
  • Extra shade helps to protect the grapes

Southern Rhone, Barossa Valley

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19
Q

How are untrellised vineyards typically trained? Pruned?

A
  • Head trained

- Spur-pruned

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20
Q

Describe the setup of a trellised vineyard. What is this known as?

A

-Each row of vines requires a line of posts joined by horizontal wires
-Canes and shoots are tired to the trellis
“Canopy Management”

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21
Q

When are three reasons a grape-grower might choose to have a trellised vineyard?

A

v1. Young shoot arrangement can be used to control the amount of sunlight that gets through the canopy (helpful in regions with limited sunlight)
2. An open canopy can improve air circulation through leaves and grapes (helpful in wet regions, protects from disease)
3. Aids in the mechanization of the vineyard

22
Q

What is VSP?

A
  • Vertical Shoot Positioning
  • The vine’s shoots are trained vertically, tied in place onto the trellis forming a single, narrow canopy
  • Can be adjusted to be used in sunny or shady regions
23
Q

What is density? How is it typically measured?

A

Planting density is the number of vines that are planted in a given area (# of vines/hectare)

24
Q

What is a hectare?

A

An area enclosed by a square with 100-meter sides.

1 acres = .4 hectares

25
Q

When is a low planting density beneficial? Why?

A

Very limited water availability (rainfall and irrigation)
Why? Allows each vine’s roots to take up water from a large volume of soil without having to compete against the roots of neighboring vines.

High levels of nutrients and sufficient rainfall
Why? Low density plantings coupled with multiple cordons or canes.

26
Q

When is a high planting density beneficial? Why?

A

Low levels of nutrients in the soil (limit the vigorous growth)

27
Q

What is yield?

A

A measure of the amount of grapes produced (in weight or volume)

28
Q

How can one predict yield? Why is this not always accurate?

A

An estimate can be made from the number of buds left on the vine after winter pruning.
Frost damage, poor fruit set, and pests and diseases can all dramatically reduce the final figure.

29
Q

What is green harvesting? Why is it risky?

A

Reducing yields by removing immature grapes shortly have veraison.
Risky because if it’s done at the wrong time, the vine will compensate for the loss by increasing the size of the remaining grapes (can return the yield to the regular size and dilute the flavors).

30
Q

Name 4 negative effects of pests and diseases in the vineyard.

A
  1. Drop in yield
  2. Lower fruit quality
  3. Lost/damaged grapes
  4. Leaf damage that prohibits photosynthesis and thus ripening
31
Q

Name 4 types of pests.

A
  1. Phylloxera
  2. Nematodes
  3. Birds & mammals
  4. Insects
32
Q

What are nematodes and how can one prevent them?

A

Microscopic worms that attach the roots of vines interfering with water and nutrient take. Can also transmit viruses.

Prevention:

  1. Sanitizing the soil before replanting
  2. Using resistant rootstocks
33
Q

How do birds and mammals harm the vineyard and how can one prevent this?

A

Consume large volumes of grapes, can lead to increased risk of fungal disease.

Prevention:

  1. Netting
  2. Fencing
34
Q

How do insects harm the vineyard and how can one treat/prevent this?

A

Feed on grapes and leaves.

Treatment:

  1. Spray insecticide
  2. Integrated pest management
35
Q

What is downy and powdery mildew? What effect do they have on grapes?

A

Fungi that thrive in warm, humid environments

Grapes lose their fruity flavors and can give the wine a moldy bitter taint.

36
Q

What is grey rot? Where does it thrive? What effect does it have on the grapes?

A

Caused by fungus Botrytis cinerea, chives in damp conditions.

Traint grape flavors and leads to color loss in black grapes.
Can also be beneficial in come grapes (sweet wines)

37
Q

How can fungal diseases be controlled? What climate requires this practice more frequently?

A 
1. Spraying fungicides (chemical sprays) via tractor.
Maritime climates (high rainfall, more damp)
  1. Canopy management: dense, shady vine canopy can restrict airflow and prevent water form evaporating, creating a humid environment
38
Q

How do viruses affect vines? How are they spread? How are they treated?

A
  • Reduce yield and quality
  • Spread via cuttings or nematodes
  • No treatment, must be dug up and sanitized
39
Q

How do bacterial diseases affect vines? How are they spread? How are they treated?

A
  • Reduce yield and quality, can kill the vine
  • Spread via sharpshooter insects
  • No treatments, must be dug up and sanitized
40
Q

What is coulure? What is it caused by? What effect does it have on the growing season?

A
  • When more flowers than normal fail to fertilize into fruit.
  • Cause: cold, cloudy, rainy weather during pollination period.
  • Reduces yields
41
Q

What is millerandage? What is it caused by? What effect does it have on the growing season?

A
  • When grapes form without seeds and remain small
  • Cause: cold, cloudy, rainy weather during pollination period.
  • Reduces yields
42
Q

What do vines store over the winter? Where?

A

Carbohydrates in roots

43
Q

What are the 3 main options for grape-growers to reduce the quantity of chemicals used in the vineyard?

A
  1. Sustainable Agriculture
  2. Organic Agriculture
  3. Biodynamic Agriculture
44
Q

What is Sustainable Agriculture?

A
  • Spraying not prohibited
  • Growers must understand lifecycle of pests
  • Only spray when necessary
  • Integrated pest management: when predators of pests are encouraged in the vineyard
45
Q

What is Organic Agriculture?

A
  • More limited than Sustainable
  • Limited number of treatments allowed
  • Small quantities of treatments permitted
  • Vineyard must undergo a period of conversion working to organic standards before it can be qualified
  • Certification required (many organizations with slight different requirements)
46
Q

What is Biodynamic Agriculture?

A

Rudolf Steiner and Maria Thun

  • Vineyard soil is connected system with the planet, air, and other planets
  • Grape growing coincides with cycles of the planets, moons, and stars
  • Homeopathic remedies ‘preparations’ used to fertilize soil, treat diseases, and ward off pests
  • Certification required
47
Q

As grapes ripen, what happens to sugar and acid levels?

A

Sugar increases; acidity decreases

48
Q

What is a common method of tracking the ripening process?

A

Tracking the sugar levels in the grapes

49
Q

From which harvesting method(s) can premium wine be made?

A

Hand AND machine-harvesting

50
Q

How does machine harvesting work? What are the pros and cons?

A

Shaking the trunk of the vine and collectiong the ripe berries as they fall off, leaving the stalks behind.

Pros:

  • Speed
  • Work through the night (cool grapes, saves money and energy)

Cons:

  • Not as selective (bad grapes, MOG)
  • Can only be used on flat or gently sloping land
  • Can only be used on varietals whose grapes are not easily damaged or whole cluster
51
Q

How does hand harvesting work? What are the pros and cons? What are examples of regions/grapes that must be hand harvested?

A

Pickers cutting off individual bunches of grapes with secateurs; grape stems are retained

Pros:

  • Selective
  • Less damage to grapes
  • Can be used on steep slopes

Cons:

  • Slower
  • More labor-intensive
  • More expensive

Examples:
Mosel, Duoro, Northern Rhone - steep
Noble rot-affected grapes

WSET Level 3 Award in Wines (41 decks)

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