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B1 - Biology > 6 Variation And Reproduction > Flashcards

6 Variation And Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

In which part of a cell is the genetic information found?3

A

It is found in the nucleus of your cells

The nucleus contains chromosomes chromosomes carry the genes that control the characteristics of your body

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2
Q

Why does asexual reproduction result in offspring that are identical to their parents?2

A

In asexual reproduction there is no joining of gametes and only one parent
Thus there is no genetic variety in the offspring

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3
Q

How does sexual reproduction produce variety?2

A
  • male female gametes join

- the mixture of genetic information from two parents leads to variety in the off spring

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4
Q

What is a clone?

A

Identical offspring

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5
Q

How do parents pass on genetic information to their offspring?

A

In their sex cells ( gametes )

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6
Q

What, other than genetics allows for variety?3

A

The environment you grow up in

Eg lighter hair in a sunnier place
Darker skin in a sunnier place

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7
Q

How do we clone plants? 2

A

By taking cuttings from mature plants

The new plants are genetically identical to the older ones

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8
Q

How do we clone animals?

A

By transplanting cloned embryos is one way animals are cloned

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9
Q

Why do we want to create clones? 3

A
  • So that high quality embryos can be transported all around the world
  • They can be carried to places where they are needed because of poor local stock
  • embryos are also cloned so that lots of copies of genetically modified embryos with medically useful compounds can be made
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10
Q

What are the benefits of adult cell cloning?3

A
  • to save animals from extinction
  • bring back species of animals that died years ago
  • large numbers of medically useful animals
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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of adult cell cloning?2

A
  • could lead to designer babies

- reduces variety in the population

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12
Q

What is genetic engineering?2

A
  • genes can be transferred to the cells of animals and plants at an early stage of their development
  • so they develop desired characteristics
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13
Q

How are genes transferred from one organism to another?2

A
  • genes from the chromosomes of humans and other organisms

- can be cut out using enzymes transferred to the cells of bacteria and other organisms

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14
Q

Environmental factor that might affect the number of peas in a pod?

A

Lifht
Rain
Water
Temperature

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15
Q

Alternate factor that might affect the number of peas in a pod?

A

Genes (inheritance)

Disease

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16
Q

What is the difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction?

A

Only one parent in asexual
No mixing of genetic material in asexual
No gametes in asexual
No variation in asexual

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17
Q

Why is adult cell cloning a type of asexual reproduction?

A

Nucleus of egg removed so only one set of genetic information

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18
Q

Difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

No fusion of gametes
No mixing of chromosomes
No genetic variation

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19
Q

Explain a sexual reproduction?

A

Two pairs of chromosomes (4) are copied
This forms a cell with 4 pairs of chromosomes
Which then divides
To form two cells with two pairs which were identical to the parent cell

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20
Q

What is asexual reproduction used for?

A

Growth in plants and animals

Replacement cells

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21
Q

What do humans have in terms of chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

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22
Q

Explain sexual reproduction?

A

Sperm and egg fuse together in fertilisation

Characteristics from both parents inherited in new cell

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23
Q

Asexual production - variety or clones?

A

Clones

24
Q

sexual production - variety or clones?

A

Varitety

25
Q

How can you clone plants?

A 
Using cuttings (cheap and quick) 
Or
Tissue culture (more expensive but quick little space needed and grown all year)
26
Q

How do you clone plants by cuttings?

A

Take cuttings from good mature parent plants in the stem or leaf
Keep in moist conditions untill planted
Plant grows into a genetically identical plant

27
Q

Explain how plants can be cloned using tissue culture?

A 
Extract plant cells
Use hormones to stop differentiation 
Spilt them
Add hormones with sugars and vitamins to encourage growth
Grow into small plants
Replant individually
28
Q

How can you clone animals?

A

Embryo transplants or adult cell cloning

29
Q

Explain adult cell cloning with sheep?

A

Adult cell eh skin cell extracted from sheep a
Nucleus extracted

Mature (unfertilised) egg cell extracted from sheep B
Nucleus removed from egg cell

Nucleus added to blank cell

Fused using electric shock
Fused cell divides normally
Implanted into the uterus of sure where sheep
Embryo develops normally

30
Q

Explain cloning using embryo transplants?

A

Best sperm cells from bull and best egg cells from a cow extracted
Sperm artificially fertilised cell
Each embryo divides into ser real individual cells
Rach cell grows into an identical embryo in a lab
Embryo transferred to a host mother
Given hormones to ready for pregnancy
Identical calves are born

31
Q

Issues with cloning of animals?

A 
Might not be healthy as matur cells used
Worry of human cloning
Reduced gene pool
Reduced resistance to disease 
Preserved endangered species 
Greater understanding of embryos or she
32
Q

Cons of genetically modified crops?

A

May not be safe
Reduced biodiversity
Poor countries miss out
May not be contained resistant weeds

33
Q

Pros of genetically modified crops?

A 
Already grown without issues
Less effort for farmer 
Increased growth
Engineered to contain more nutrients
Increased yield
34
Q

How can GM crops be resistant to?

A

Viruses
Insects
Herbicides

35
Q

Explain genetic engineering?

A

Human cell with desired gene cut out
Bacterium with with a ring of DNA called plasmid
Plasmid cut out using enzyme

Insulin gene inserted into plasmid using another enzyme
Plasmid with insulin inserted into bacterium
Multiplies many times
Insulin purified for use and harvested

36
Q

Definition of sexual reproduction?

A

Fusion of gametes

Egg and sperm cell fertilised

37
Q

Why would a child have the characteristics of its parents?

A

Through sexual reproduction
Contains a mixture of genetic information
From both Barents

38
Q

FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH stimulates oestrogen
Oestrogen inhibits FSH
Oestrogen stimulates LH to release egg

39
Q

Describe what happens at the synapse during a reflex?

A

Chemical release
Which diffuses across the synapse
Which transmits information
Between neurones

40
Q

Describe IVF?

A 
Eggs collected from ovary
Eggs mixed with sperm 
Fertilised egg divided
Embryo formed and inserted into womb
FSH matures egg and LH releases egg
41
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Fusion of gametes and sperm : sex cells

42
Q

In adult cell cloning, what is the embryo a clone of?

A

The Abimal that gave the nucleus

43
Q

Genetic engineering?

A

Moving genes between species eg human insulin

44
Q

Describe genetic engineering?

A

Cut human insulin gene out with an anzyme

Remove DNA plasmid from bacteria
Cut open with enzyme

Add human insulin gene into the plasmid

Insert back into bacteria with new plasmid

Multiples and secretes insulin

45
Q

Features of asexual reproduction?

A

No fusion of gametes
One parent
No genetic variation
Clones p

46
Q

Concerns about GM crops?

A

Effect on populations of wild flowers and insects
Uncertainty about the effects of eating them on human health
Damage food chain
Gene spread to other species

47
Q

Examples of GM crops?

A

Crops that are resistant to insect attack

Herbicides

48
Q

Why is it an advantage to make crops resistant to a herbicide?

A

Kills weeds among crops (and does not kill crops)
Less competition for light water or irons
Crops grow better (higher yield obtained)

49
Q

How does a sharp point reach a mans brain?

A 
Sharp point stimulates pain receptor
To send nerve impulse
Via sensory neurone
To spinal cord
Crossed synapse
To other relay neurones (go brain)
50
Q

How could a gene be transferred to a plant?

A 
Gene cut out
From bacterial chromosome (plasmid)
Using an enzyme
Gene spliced into plant chromosome
Gene added at early stage of development
51
Q

How does embryo transplants work?

A

Splitting apart cells from a developing Abimal embryo before they become specialised
Then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers

52
Q

How does tissue culture work?

A

Using small groups of cells from part of a plant

53
Q

Advantages of using cuttings instead of seeds?

A

Quick

Cheap and many can be produced from one plant

54
Q

Why might people be against feeding an animal GM food?

A

Effect on cow healthy
Effect on human health
Concern about food chain
Effect on gene pool

55
Q

How do plants clone by tissue culture?

A

Plant cells which are put in what with hormones to encourage growth
They grow into small plants
Replaced individually

56
Q

Advantages of tissue culture?

A

Quick
Little space
Grown all year
1000s of clones

B1 - Biology (7 decks)

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