6 Variation And Reproduction Flashcards

Question

How can you clone plants?

Answer 1

``` Using cuttings (cheap and quick) Or Tissue culture (more expensive but quick little space needed and grown all year) ```

Answer 2

Take cuttings from good mature parent plants in the stem or leaf Keep in moist conditions untill planted Plant grows into a genetically identical plant

Answer 3

``` Extract plant cells Use hormones to stop differentiation Spilt them Add hormones with sugars and vitamins to encourage growth Grow into small plants Replant individually ```

Answer 4

Embryo transplants or adult cell cloning

Answer 5

Adult cell eh skin cell extracted from sheep a Nucleus extracted Mature (unfertilised) egg cell extracted from sheep B Nucleus removed from egg cell Nucleus added to blank cell Fused using electric shock Fused cell divides normally Implanted into the uterus of sure where sheep Embryo develops normally

Answer 6

Best sperm cells from bull and best egg cells from a cow extracted Sperm artificially fertilised cell Each embryo divides into ser real individual cells Rach cell grows into an identical embryo in a lab Embryo transferred to a host mother Given hormones to ready for pregnancy Identical calves are born

Answer 7

``` Might not be healthy as matur cells used Worry of human cloning Reduced gene pool Reduced resistance to disease Preserved endangered species Greater understanding of embryos or she ```

Answer 8

May not be safe Reduced biodiversity Poor countries miss out May not be contained resistant weeds

Answer 9

``` Already grown without issues Less effort for farmer Increased growth Engineered to contain more nutrients Increased yield ```

Answer 10

Viruses Insects Herbicides

Answer 11

Human cell with desired gene cut out Bacterium with with a ring of DNA called plasmid Plasmid cut out using enzyme Insulin gene inserted into plasmid using another enzyme Plasmid with insulin inserted into bacterium Multiplies many times Insulin purified for use and harvested

Answer 12

Fusion of gametes | Egg and sperm cell fertilised

Answer 13

Through sexual reproduction Contains a mixture of genetic information From both Barents

Answer 14

FSH stimulates oestrogen Oestrogen inhibits FSH Oestrogen stimulates LH to release egg

Answer 15

Chemical release Which diffuses across the synapse Which transmits information Between neurones

Answer 16

``` Eggs collected from ovary Eggs mixed with sperm Fertilised egg divided Embryo formed and inserted into womb FSH matures egg and LH releases egg ```

Answer 17

Fusion of gametes and sperm : sex cells

Answer 18

The Abimal that gave the nucleus

Answer 19

Moving genes between species eg human insulin

Answer 20

Cut human insulin gene out with an anzyme Remove DNA plasmid from bacteria Cut open with enzyme Add human insulin gene into the plasmid Insert back into bacteria with new plasmid Multiples and secretes insulin

Answer 21

No fusion of gametes One parent No genetic variation Clones p

Answer 22

Effect on populations of wild flowers and insects Uncertainty about the effects of eating them on human health Damage food chain Gene spread to other species

Answer 23

Crops that are resistant to insect attack | Herbicides

Answer 24

Kills weeds among crops (and does not kill crops) Less competition for light water or irons Crops grow better (higher yield obtained)

Answer 25

``` Sharp point stimulates pain receptor To send nerve impulse Via sensory neurone To spinal cord Crossed synapse To other relay neurones (go brain) ```

Answer 26

``` Gene cut out From bacterial chromosome (plasmid) Using an enzyme Gene spliced into plant chromosome Gene added at early stage of development ```

Answer 27

Splitting apart cells from a developing Abimal embryo before they become specialised Then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers

Answer 28

Using small groups of cells from part of a plant

Answer 29

Quick | Cheap and many can be produced from one plant

Answer 30

Effect on cow healthy Effect on human health Concern about food chain Effect on gene pool

Answer 31

Plant cells which are put in what with hormones to encourage growth They grow into small plants Replaced individually

Answer 32

Quick Little space Grown all year 1000s of clones