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B1 - Biology > 4 Adaptation For Survival > Flashcards

4 Adaptation For Survival Flashcards

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1
Q

How do organisms survive in many different conditions?

A

Organisms have features ( adaptations ) that enable them to survive in the conditions in which they normally live

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2
Q

What is an extremophile?

A

An animal that has adaptations enabling them to live in extreme conditions of salt, temperature or pressure

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3
Q

What do plants need to survive?6

A
  • light
  • carbon dioxide
  • water
  • oxygen
  • nutrients

To produce glucose energy in order to survive

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4
Q

What do animals need in order to survive? 3

A
  • food from other living organisms
  • water
  • oxygen
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5
Q

How are herbivore adapted to eat plants?

A

They have teeth for grinding up plant cells

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6
Q

How are carnivores adapted for eating meat?

A

They have teeth adapted for testing flesh or crushing bones

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7
Q

How do animals adapt to hot dry climates?4

A

Long eyelashes - dust out of eyes
Fat stores to convert fat to water via respiration
Wide feat to spread weight
Reduced body fat - reduces insulation
Increase surface area - increases heat loss by radiation
Decrease surface area - reduce area ofwater loss
Nocturnal to reduce sweat loss

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8
Q

How do animals adapt to very cold climates?3

A
  • small surface area : volume ratio
  • thick insulating layers of fat and fur
  • small ears / feat to reduce energy loss
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9
Q

What advantage does changing coat colour all year round give?

A

Camouflage all year round

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10
Q

How do plants loose water?

A

Plants lost water vapour from the surface of their leaves (transpiration)

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11
Q

How are plants adapted to live in dry conditions?

A

Fewer stomata to reduce transpiration
Thick stem stores water
Thick wax layer to reduce transpiration
- having extensive root systems absorb more water
- curled leaves to reduce the surface area for transpiration

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12
Q

What do animals compete for? 3

A

Food
Territory
Mates

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13
Q

What is competition?

A

When animals compete with eachother for food territories and mates

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14
Q

What makes an animal a good competitor?

A

An animal that is adapted to be better at finding food or a mate than the other members of its own species

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15
Q

What do plants compete for?3

A

Light
Water
Nutrients ( minerals ) from the soil
Space

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16
Q

What non living factors affect the distribution of living things? 6

A
  • water
  • sunlight
  • temperature
  • rainfall
  • oxygen concentration
  • ph water / soil
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17
Q

How can we measure environmental changes?4

A
  • by non living indicators eg oxygen meters, rain gauges, thermometers
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18
Q

What living factors affect the distribution of organisms? 3

A

Food source
Predators
Nesting sites

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19
Q

Why might an organism not be able to live near to the high tide level?

A

Wrong food
Exposed to specific predators
Can’t tolerate high salt concentration
Can’t tolerate reduced contact with seawater

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20
Q

What do animals compete for?

A 
Food
Mates
Land
Territory
Status
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21
Q

How can a disease resistant gene cause population to re increase?

A

Mutant gene
Provides advantage
So survivors reproduce
Gene passed on

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22
Q

How do plants adapt to cold environments?

A

Smaller leaves - reduced transpiration
Shallow root systems - avoids permafrost
Close to ground - reduces wind damage

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23
Q

How does information pass from a relay neurone to a motor neurone?

A

Release of chemical from relay
Chemical crosses gap by diffusion
Chemical attatched to motor neurone causing impulse

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24
Q

How do swollen leaves help a plant survive?

A

Stores water from other parts in the plant

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25
Q

How do thorns help a plant survive?

A

Protects it

26
Q

How can animals be adapted against predators?

A

Camouflage - less likely to see prey
Warning colours - likely to confuse prey with a poisonous organism
Prickles - sharp and hurts predator
Long limbs/ streamlining - increase speed to outrun predator
Position of eyes - prey can escape sooner

27
Q

How can genetically modified zebra fish be created?

A

Necessary genres cut out
Enzymes used to mature embryo
Genes transferred at early stage of development

28
Q

Why are scientists worried about genetically modified animals?

A

Effects on food chains
Effects on humans who my eat them
My outcompete non GM animal

29
Q

What can extremophiles tolerate?

A

High levels of
Salt
High temperatures
High pressures

30
Q

What are invertebrate animals used to indicate?

A

Water pollution indicators
And
Concentration of dissolved oxygen in water

31
Q

What do lichens detect?

A

Air pollution

Concentration of sulphur dixoide in the atmosphere

32
Q

What are receptors in skin sensitive to?

A

Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature

33
Q

What are the receptors on the tongue and in the nose sensitive to?

A

Chemicals

Enabling us to taste and smell

34
Q

Examples of an effector?

A

Muscle - responds by contracting

Gland - secreting chemical substances

35
Q

Why is temperature controlled in the body?

A

To maintain the temperature at which enzymes work best

36
Q

Why is blood sugar level controlled in the body?

A

To provide cells with a constant supply of energy

37
Q

How are ions lost?

A

Through sweat

Excess ions lost via kidneys in urine

38
Q

How is water lost?

A

Lungs when we breathe out
Skin when we sweat
Kidneys in urine

39
Q

Example of hormone regulation?

A

Eggs from a woman’s ovaries

Changes in the thickness of the lining of the womb

40
Q

Function of FSH?

A

Secreted by pituitary gland
Causes eggs to mature in the ovaries
Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

41
Q

Function of oestrogen?

A

Secreted by ovaries

Inhibits further FSH production

42
Q

What may oral contraceptives contain?

A

Oestrogen and proesteogen to inhibit egg maturation

43
Q

Why have shallow roots spread over a large area?

A

Increased water uptake

After rain

44
Q

Why have deep roots?

A

Water storage
Stability
Safety from predators

45
Q

How does wax help a leaf in the desert?

A

Protects plant
Reflects heat
Keeps plant cool

Reduces water loss

46
Q

In a dry environment, benefits of curled leaves for a plant?

A

Reduces surface area and so reduces transpiration

Traps a layer of moisture around the leaf

47
Q

How does the plant spread its seeds?

A

Wind
Mini explosions
Animals eating them
Stick to an animal

48
Q

What stimulates LH production?

A

The pituitary gland

49
Q

Describe how the roots of a plant respond to gravity?

A

More auxin on lower side of root
Extra auxin inhibits growth
Cells on the top grow faster and the root bends down

50
Q

Describe how the roots respond to moisture?

A

More auxin on the side of more moisture
Inhibits growth on that side
Causing growth to bend towards the moisture

51
Q

Explain how a stimulus reached the brain?

A

stimulates receptor in skin
To send a nerve impulse
Via the sensory neurone
To the spinal chord
Chemical released at synapse
Between sensory neurone and relay neurone
Impulse sent along relay neurone
Criminal released at synapse
Between sensory neurone and motor neurone
Impulse sent along a motor neurone to the effector

52
Q

Stimulus?

A

Change in the envruonnt

53
Q

Where is auxin made?

A

The tip of the plant

54
Q

How do roots grow in plant?

A

Towards moisture

In direction of gravity

55
Q

Difference between a reflex and a coordinated movement?

A

Brain is not involved in reflex actions because it would cause a delay

56
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of neurones connected to brain or spinal chord

57
Q

Advantage of bioluminescence?

A

See prey/predators
As it is dark
(To avoid being eaten)

Attract prey to get food

See mates to reproduce

58
Q

Functions of receptors in skin?

A

Detect changes in surroundings

Convert information to impulse (to send impulse to sensory neurones)

59
Q

What is a gene?

A

Price of DNA

That controls a characteristic

60
Q

Advantages of preserving endangered species?

A

Maintain ecosystem
May be useful in the future
Retains biodiversity

61
Q

Why might an organism not be able to survive in an area

A

Wrong food
Wrong temperature
Can’t compete
Exposed to different predators

B1 - Biology (7 decks)

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