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B1 - Biology > 3 Medicine And Drugs > Flashcards

3 Medicine And Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are medical drugs tested? 3

A
  • its effectiveness
  • it’s toxicity
  • the most appropriate dose
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2
Q

What are statins?2

A
  • they lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood

- they can reduce the risk of heart disease

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3
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance that affects chemical reactions in the body

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4
Q

What is addiction?

A

When you become physically or mentally dependant on a drug

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5
Q

Why are drugs such as cannabis, cocaine and heroin such a problem?2

A
  • cannabis may cause mental health problems

- cocaine and heroin can cause serious health problems

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6
Q

Why is testing new drugs so important?3

A
  • to see if they work well
  • make sure they are not too toxic
  • have no unacceptable side effects
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7
Q

How do frogs like caffeine, nicotine and cocaine affect your nervous system?2

A

They speed up the activity of your brain

Making you feel more alert and energetic

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8
Q

Give an example of a drug that slows down your responses of your brain?2

A

Alcohol

Cannabis

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9
Q

How do people move from using recreational drugs to hard drugs?

A

Because cannabis is illegal and has to be obtained from a drug dealer

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10
Q

Is cannabis harmful?

A

It leads to mental illness in some people with teenagers being particularly vulnerable

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11
Q

What type of drugs are generally used in sports?

A

Anabolic steroids are drugs that help build up muscle mass

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12
Q

How can drugs help give you more stamina? 2

A
  • A drug can be used to stimulate your body to make more red blood cells
  • So they can carry more oxygen to their muscles
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13
Q

How can painkillers be used by athletes?

A

They allow the athlete to train and compete with an injury

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14
Q

Why do athletes use drugs? 3

A
  • they want to win
  • they feel that other athletes are using these substances
  • the health risks are just scare stories
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15
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance used in clinical trials which does not contain the drug at all

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16
Q

Who knows who is given the new drug in double blind trials?

A

Neither the doctor nor the patient

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17
Q

Why is a placebo used?

A

To make sure that there are no other explanations other than the drug

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18
Q

Give one example of a recreational drug that is very addictive?

A

Coffee

Alcohol

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19
Q

Why don’t painkillers cure infectious diseases?

A

They only treat symptoms

Don’t kill pathogens

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20
Q

For a fair trial what factors should be matched?

A 
As many as possible:
Age
Gender
Body mass
Other medical issues
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21
Q

What part of a vaccine stimulates the body’s defence system?

A

The inactive pathogen

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22
Q

What is the effect of being vaccinated a disease, then catching it?

A

White blood cells release antibodies quickly

Antibodies destroy the pathogen

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23
Q

Why might a resistant strain of a pathogen spread rapidly?

A

Antibiotics become ineffective

Resistant pathogens reproduce

Population increases

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24
Q

Why do pathogens make us feel in?

A

They produce toxins

Cause damage to cells

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25
Q

Other than antibodies how do white blood cells protect against pathogens?

A

Produce antitoxins

Ingest microorganisms

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26
Q

Why should one wash their hands?

A

You don’t transfer pathogens

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27
Q

In modern hospitals (other than hygiene) why is there a lower death rate?

A

Better knowledge
Sterilisation of instruments
Better drugs

28
Q

Examples of placebos?

A

Tablet with no drug
Tablet with no effect
Tablet without chemicals

29
Q

Describe how white blood cells protect from infectious diseases?

A

They ingest pathogens
Produce antibodies which destroy pathogens
Produce antitoxins which neutralise toxins

30
Q

Why is it difficult to stop using addictive drugs?

A

Alters chemical reactions in the body

You would experience withdrawal symptoms

31
Q

What has the MMR vaccine also protected against?3

A

Rubella

Mumps

32
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger
Produced by a gland
Acting on a tragedy organ

Chemical that controls body functions

33
Q

What was thalidomide originally developed to treat?

A

Poor sleeping

34
Q

Harmful effect of thalidomide?

A

Limb defects / abnormalities

35
Q

What happens in the body to make someone addicted to a drug?

A

Change in chemical processes

36
Q

Why don’t antibiotics treat viruses?

A

Because the pathogen lives inside the cell

37
Q

Three main stages of testing a new drug?

A

Laboratory tests

Tests for side effects on healthy people

Tests on patients, widespread
Optimum dose found

38
Q

How can you obtain more accurate results?

A

Increase maximum and minimum results
Decrease margin between reading
Use more sensitive equipment

39
Q

How can healthy volunteers are used rather than healthy patients?

A

Higher risk for patient
Dose too low for patient
Effects may be masked by patients symptoms

40
Q

How to increase precision?

A

Use more sensitive equipment

41
Q

In drugs what variables have to be controlled?

A 
Age
Gender
Body mass
Ethnicity
Severity of pain
42
Q

Upon reinfection why wouldn’t someone catch the disease?

A

White blood cells
Release antibodies quickly
Antibodies destroy pathogen

43
Q

Why are drugs tested?

A

To check they are safe and effective

44
Q

What are drugs tested for?

A

Toxicity
Efficacy
Dose

45
Q

In the laboratory in the early stages of trials, what is tested on?

A

Cells
Tissues
Live animals

46
Q

Why would an athlete use stimulants?

A

Boost bodily functions such as heart rate

47
Q

Why would an athlete use anabolic steroids?

A

Which stimulate muscle growth

48
Q

What happens to someone’s body when they become dependent on a drug?

A

Drugs alter chemical processes in the body

Person suffers withdrawal symptoms without drug

49
Q

Why do antibodies ingest pathogens?

A

To destroy that particular pathogen

50
Q

What happens when a pathogen enters the body?

A

Reproduce rapidly inside the body
Bacteria - toxins that make you feel ill
Viruses - live and reproduce inside the cells causing damage

51
Q

What does thalidomide now?

A

Cancers

Autoimmune disease

52
Q

How can drugs be used to increase stamina in sport?

A

Stimulates their body to make more red blood cells

This means they can carry more oxygen to their muscles

53
Q

Advantage of population wide vaccination?

A

Reduces chance of pandemic
Illiminates disease
Reduces spread of disease

54
Q

What happens in the body to make someone dependent on a drug?

A

Changes in the chemical processes

55
Q

What does thalidomide now treat?

A

Leprosy

56
Q

Why are drugs trial led?

A 
Side effects
Dosage 
Efficacy
Toxicity
Interaction with other drugs
57
Q

What does alcohols do to the body?

A

Causes liver or brain damage

58
Q

What does tobacco do?

A

Causes lung cancer

59
Q

Why do legal drugs have a great impact than illegal drugs on health?

A

More readily available
More people use them
Alcohols caused liver damage
Tobacco causes cancer

60
Q

Why is it difficult for a person to stop taking certain drugs?

A

They become dependent on the drug

61
Q

Why do you add a control group to an investigation?

A

To compare to other areas

To check other factors don’t affect results

62
Q

What effect do environmental factors have on the direction of growth in the roots of a plant?

A

They grow downwards
Towards moisture
Towards gravity

63
Q

What effect do environmental factors have on the direction of growth in the shoots of a plant?

A

They grow upwards
Towards the light
Against gravity

64
Q

How can doctors reduce antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A

Stop using the particular antibiotic

Only use it in serious cases

65
Q

Why use 40 degrees for industrial growing bacteria?

A

Microorganisms reproduce faster

Product acquired sooner

66
Q

Legal recreational drug?

A

Alcohol

Tobacco

B1 - Biology (7 decks)

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