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B1 - Biology > 1 Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

1 Keeping Healthy Flashcards

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1
Q

Why can some people eat lots of food without getting fat?2

A
  • different people need different amounts of energy

- the metabolic rate varies from person to person

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2
Q

How does an athletes diet differ from yours?

A

The more exercise you take the more food you need

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3
Q

Why is it unhealthy to be too thin?

A

People who do not have enough to eat can develop serious health problems eg deficiency diseases

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4
Q

Why are people who do exercise usually healthier than those who do not?

A

Exercise increased the amount of energy expended by the body

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5
Q

How can inherited factors affect your health?

A

Metabolic rate and cholesterol level

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6
Q

What are pathogens? with examples

A

Pathogens are infectious diseases caused by microorganisms eh bacteria and viruses

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7
Q

How do bacteria and viruses cause disease?3

A
  • They reproduce rapidly inside your body
  • Bacteria can produce toxins which make you feel ill
  • Viruses damage your cells as they reproduce making you feel ill
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8
Q

How did Ignaz Semmelweis change the way we look at disease?

A

He recognised the importance of hand-washing in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in hospital

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9
Q

How does your body stop pathogens getting in?3

A
  • the entry of pathogens are blocked using the skin
  • the mucus of the breathing system
  • the clotting of the blood
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10
Q

How do white blood cells protect us from disease?

A
  • they help to defend you against pathogens by ingesting them, making antibodies and making antitoxins
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11
Q

What is a medicine?2

A

A medicine is something which relieves the symptoms of disease
but do not kill the pathogens which cause it

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12
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

Something that cures bacterial duels eases by killing the bacteria inside your body

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13
Q

Why can’t we use antibiotics to treat diseases caused by viruses?

A
  • Antibiotics do not destroy viruses because viruses reproduce inside the cells
  • it is difficult to develop drugs that can destroy viruses without damaging your body cells
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14
Q

Why do we need uncontaminated cultures?

A

To investigate the effect of chemicals such as disinfectants and antibiotics on microorganisms

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15
Q

Why do we incubate bacteria at no more than 25 degrees in schools and colleges?

A

To reduce the likelihood of harmful pathogens growing

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16
Q

What does a healthy diet contain?7

A

Balanced amounts of:

  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • fibre
  • water
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17
Q

How can we prevent antibiotic resistance developing?

A

Not overusing antibiotics

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18
Q

Why is mutation in bacteria and viruses such a problem?3

A
  • new strains of the pathogen can appear causing disease
  • they can spread rapidly causing epidemics and pandemics
  • antibiotics and vaccinated may not be effective against the new strain
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19
Q

How does the immune system work?4

A
  • your white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the pathogens
  • then your body will respond rapidly to future infections by the same pathogen
  • this is done by making the correct antibody as if you previously had the disease
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20
Q

How does vaccination protect you against disease?

A

You can be immunised against a disease by introducing small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens into your body

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21
Q

How has the treatment of disease changed over time?

A

As our understanding of how antibiotic and immunity has increased

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22
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Main energy source

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23
Q

What are fats used for?

A

Energy store

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24
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

Growth and repair

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25
Q

What are vitamins and minerals used for?

A

To help various chemical reactions in the body

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26
Q

What is fibre used for?

A

It helps the digestive system

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27
Q

What is water used for?

A

It transports dissolved substances

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28
Q

What happens if you don’t sustain a balanced diet?

A

You become malnourished

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29
Q

If the energy intake is bigger than the energy used what are you?

A

Overweight

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30
Q

If the energy intake is less than the energy used what do you become?

A

Under weight

31
Q

If you are overweight for a long period of time what kind of health problems could be caused? 4

A
  • Arthritis caused by excess weight in joints
  • type 2 diabetes where blood sugar can no longer be controlled
  • high blood pressure
  • heart disease
32
Q

What is osteo arthritis?

A

Arthritis from the wearing away of the joints

33
Q

How is diabetes type 2 different from part 1?

A

You get this over a series of time and type one is given genetically

34
Q

Two ways of losing weight?4

A
  • you can take up more exercise
  • cutting back on the amount of energy taken in
    (best to do both)
  • joining a skinny group
  • loosing it gradually so don’t hurt yourself
35
Q

Why do people starve? 3

A
  • civil wars
  • droughts
  • pests that destroy local crops so people can’t eat
36
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A waxy fat molecule essential in the body for producing cell membranes and some hormones

37
Q

What causes a rise in harmful cholesterol in the blood?

A

Eating food with lots of fat in it

38
Q

How many types of cholesterol are there?

A

2

39
Q

How can you reduce the chances of dangerous cholesterol building up in the arteries?

A

Exercise as this triggers a rise in the healthy cholesterol and a drop in the harmful form

40
Q

What is a droplet infection?

A

When you cough sneeze or talk you expel tiny droplets that are full of pathogens from your breathing system

41
Q

What is direct contact?

A

Some diseases are spread by contract of the skin eg some stds like herpes

42
Q

How do contaminated food and drink spread?

A

Eating raw, undercooked food, water with sewage in it can give you pathogens by taking large numbers of microorganisms straight into your gut

43
Q

How can pathogens by speed by a cut?

A

When people live in crowded conditions with no sewage treatments infectious diseases can spread rapidly by cute scratches and needle punctures

44
Q

How does the skin defend against pathogens?

A

The skin acts as a barrier, if there is a cut scabs form to prevent pathogens from entering the blood

45
Q

How does the lungs defend against pathogens?

A

The lungs contain sticky mucus which traps pathogens invading the breathing tubes, which can then be moved out and swallowed

46
Q

How does the acid defend against pathogens?

A

It destroys most of the pathogens you swallow

47
Q

Who is Alexander Flemming?

A

The man who discovered penicillin

48
Q

Why use a control group?

A

Give comparison

49
Q

What two things affect metabolic rate?

A

Inheritance
Age
Gender
Body mass

50
Q

Why test a drug before general release?

A

Check not harmful
Check interaction with other drugs
Dosage
Rsee if they work

51
Q

What three diseases and conditions are linked to obesity?

A

Diabetes
Heart disease
Arthritis

52
Q

What did Semmelweis insist that doctors do?

A

Wash those hands before examining patients

Which greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in the hospital

53
Q

What are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases?

A

Pathogens

54
Q

How can risk be reduced in testing for disinfectants or antibiotics?

A

Perro dishes and culture media must be sterilised (to kill unwanted microorganisms)
Inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms should be sterilised by a flame
Lid of a Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from air contaminating culture

55
Q

How does exercise help someone loose weight?

A

Increases metabolic rate
Exercise needed energy
Fat stores broken down

56
Q

What does increasing intake of high fat food give risk of?

A

Heart disease

Raised levels of harmful cholesterol

57
Q

Why do you need cholesterol?

A

For cell membranes

To make vital hormones

58
Q

Size difference between bacteria and viruses?

A

Bacteria : single called much smaller than animal or plant cells
Viruses : smaller than bacteria with regular shapes

59
Q

Examples of uses of bacteria?

A

Yoghurt
Cheese
Treating sewage
Making medicine

60
Q

Describe a droplet infection?

A

Coughing sneezing or droplets

You expel tiny droplets full of pathogens from breathing systems

Other people breathe these in along with the pathogens they contain

61
Q

Describe direct contact with examples?

A

Direct contact of skin eg stds like genital herpes

62
Q

Describe contaminated food and drink as a way of infection?

A

Eating raw or undercooked food
Drinking water containing sewage
Eg diarrhoea

Large number of microorganisms go straight to your gut

63
Q

Describe how a break in your skin can cause pathogens to enter your body?

A

Though cuts, scratches and needle punctures eg HIV/AIDS or hepatitis

64
Q

Describe what happens if you bleed on the surface of your skin?

A

Your blood quickly forms a clot which dries into a scab
The scab forms a seal over the cut
Stopping pathogens from getting in the wound

65
Q

Describe how the breathing systems’ mucus prevents pathogens?

A

Mucus covers the lining of lungs and tubes to trap pathogens
Mucus is moved out of your body or swallowed down into the guy
The acid in stomach destroys microorganisms

66
Q

What part of a vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to make antibodies?

A

The antigens in the vaccine

67
Q

During IVF, why is a woman given FSH?

A

To make sure as many eggs as possible mature in her ovaries

68
Q

Why is a woman given LH during IVF?

A

To make sure all mature eggs are released

69
Q

In the roots of a plant where does the most growth occur?

A

On the side of the least auxin

70
Q

In the shoot of a plant where does the most growth occur?

A

Where the most auxin is

71
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

Right amount of nutrients

To provide the right amount of energy

72
Q

How do statins work?

A

They reduce the production of cholesterol in the liver

73
Q

What causes a difference in metabolic rate?

A

Gender
Body mass
Exercise done
Inheritance

B1 - Biology (7 decks)

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