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B1 - Biology > 1 Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

1 Keeping Healthy Flashcards

1
Q

Why can some people eat lots of food without getting fat?2

A
  • different people need different amounts of energy

- the metabolic rate varies from person to person

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2
Q

How does an athletes diet differ from yours?

A

The more exercise you take the more food you need

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3
Q

Why is it unhealthy to be too thin?

A

People who do not have enough to eat can develop serious health problems eg deficiency diseases

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4
Q

Why are people who do exercise usually healthier than those who do not?

A

Exercise increased the amount of energy expended by the body

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5
Q

How can inherited factors affect your health?

A

Metabolic rate and cholesterol level

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6
Q

What are pathogens? with examples

A

Pathogens are infectious diseases caused by microorganisms eh bacteria and viruses

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7
Q

How do bacteria and viruses cause disease?3

A
  • They reproduce rapidly inside your body
  • Bacteria can produce toxins which make you feel ill
  • Viruses damage your cells as they reproduce making you feel ill
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8
Q

How did Ignaz Semmelweis change the way we look at disease?

A

He recognised the importance of hand-washing in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in hospital

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9
Q

How does your body stop pathogens getting in?3

A
  • the entry of pathogens are blocked using the skin
  • the mucus of the breathing system
  • the clotting of the blood
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10
Q

How do white blood cells protect us from disease?

A
  • they help to defend you against pathogens by ingesting them, making antibodies and making antitoxins
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11
Q

What is a medicine?2

A

A medicine is something which relieves the symptoms of disease
but do not kill the pathogens which cause it

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12
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

Something that cures bacterial duels eases by killing the bacteria inside your body

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13
Q

Why can’t we use antibiotics to treat diseases caused by viruses?

A
  • Antibiotics do not destroy viruses because viruses reproduce inside the cells
  • it is difficult to develop drugs that can destroy viruses without damaging your body cells
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14
Q

Why do we need uncontaminated cultures?

A

To investigate the effect of chemicals such as disinfectants and antibiotics on microorganisms

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15
Q

Why do we incubate bacteria at no more than 25 degrees in schools and colleges?

A

To reduce the likelihood of harmful pathogens growing

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16
Q

What does a healthy diet contain?7

A

Balanced amounts of:

  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • fibre
  • water
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17
Q

How can we prevent antibiotic resistance developing?

A

Not overusing antibiotics

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18
Q

Why is mutation in bacteria and viruses such a problem?3

A
  • new strains of the pathogen can appear causing disease
  • they can spread rapidly causing epidemics and pandemics
  • antibiotics and vaccinated may not be effective against the new strain
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19
Q

How does the immune system work?4

A
  • your white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the pathogens
  • then your body will respond rapidly to future infections by the same pathogen
  • this is done by making the correct antibody as if you previously had the disease
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20
Q

How does vaccination protect you against disease?

A

You can be immunised against a disease by introducing small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens into your body

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21
Q

How has the treatment of disease changed over time?

A

As our understanding of how antibiotic and immunity has increased

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22
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Main energy source

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23
Q

What are fats used for?

A

Energy store

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24
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

Growth and repair

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25
What are vitamins and minerals used for?
To help various chemical reactions in the body
26
What is fibre used for?
It helps the digestive system
27
What is water used for?
It transports dissolved substances
28
What happens if you don't sustain a balanced diet?
You become malnourished
29
If the energy intake is bigger than the energy used what are you?
Overweight
30
If the energy intake is less than the energy used what do you become?
Under weight
31
If you are overweight for a long period of time what kind of health problems could be caused? 4
- Arthritis caused by excess weight in joints - type 2 diabetes where blood sugar can no longer be controlled - high blood pressure - heart disease
32
What is osteo arthritis?
Arthritis from the wearing away of the joints
33
How is diabetes type 2 different from part 1?
You get this over a series of time and type one is given genetically
34
Two ways of losing weight?4
- you can take up more exercise - cutting back on the amount of energy taken in (best to do both) - joining a skinny group - loosing it gradually so don't hurt yourself
35
Why do people starve? 3
- civil wars - droughts - pests that destroy local crops so people can't eat
36
What is cholesterol?
A waxy fat molecule essential in the body for producing cell membranes and some hormones
37
What causes a rise in harmful cholesterol in the blood?
Eating food with lots of fat in it
38
How many types of cholesterol are there?
2
39
How can you reduce the chances of dangerous cholesterol building up in the arteries?
Exercise as this triggers a rise in the healthy cholesterol and a drop in the harmful form
40
What is a droplet infection?
When you cough sneeze or talk you expel tiny droplets that are full of pathogens from your breathing system
41
What is direct contact?
Some diseases are spread by contract of the skin eg some stds like herpes
42
How do contaminated food and drink spread?
Eating raw, undercooked food, water with sewage in it can give you pathogens by taking large numbers of microorganisms straight into your gut
43
How can pathogens by speed by a cut?
When people live in crowded conditions with no sewage treatments infectious diseases can spread rapidly by cute scratches and needle punctures
44
How does the skin defend against pathogens?
The skin acts as a barrier, if there is a cut scabs form to prevent pathogens from entering the blood
45
How does the lungs defend against pathogens?
The lungs contain sticky mucus which traps pathogens invading the breathing tubes, which can then be moved out and swallowed
46
How does the acid defend against pathogens?
It destroys most of the pathogens you swallow
47
Who is Alexander Flemming?
The man who discovered penicillin
48
Why use a control group?
Give comparison
49
What two things affect metabolic rate?
Inheritance Age Gender Body mass
50
Why test a drug before general release?
Check not harmful Check interaction with other drugs Dosage Rsee if they work
51
What three diseases and conditions are linked to obesity?
Diabetes Heart disease Arthritis
52
What did Semmelweis insist that doctors do?
Wash those hands before examining patients Which greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in the hospital
53
What are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases?
Pathogens
54
How can risk be reduced in testing for disinfectants or antibiotics?
Perro dishes and culture media must be sterilised (to kill unwanted microorganisms) Inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms should be sterilised by a flame Lid of a Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from air contaminating culture
55
How does exercise help someone loose weight?
Increases metabolic rate Exercise needed energy Fat stores broken down
56
What does increasing intake of high fat food give risk of?
Heart disease | Raised levels of harmful cholesterol
57
Why do you need cholesterol?
For cell membranes | To make vital hormones
58
Size difference between bacteria and viruses?
Bacteria : single called much smaller than animal or plant cells Viruses : smaller than bacteria with regular shapes
59
Examples of uses of bacteria?
Yoghurt Cheese Treating sewage Making medicine
60
Describe a droplet infection?
Coughing sneezing or droplets You expel tiny droplets full of pathogens from breathing systems Other people breathe these in along with the pathogens they contain
61
Describe direct contact with examples?
Direct contact of skin eg stds like genital herpes
62
Describe contaminated food and drink as a way of infection?
Eating raw or undercooked food Drinking water containing sewage Eg diarrhoea Large number of microorganisms go straight to your gut
63
Describe how a break in your skin can cause pathogens to enter your body?
Though cuts, scratches and needle punctures eg HIV/AIDS or hepatitis
64
Describe what happens if you bleed on the surface of your skin?
Your blood quickly forms a clot which dries into a scab The scab forms a seal over the cut Stopping pathogens from getting in the wound
65
Describe how the breathing systems' mucus prevents pathogens?
Mucus covers the lining of lungs and tubes to trap pathogens Mucus is moved out of your body or swallowed down into the guy The acid in stomach destroys microorganisms
66
What part of a vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to make antibodies?
The antigens in the vaccine
67
During IVF, why is a woman given FSH?
To make sure as many eggs as possible mature in her ovaries
68
Why is a woman given LH during IVF?
To make sure all mature eggs are released
69
In the roots of a plant where does the most growth occur?
On the side of the least auxin
70
In the shoot of a plant where does the most growth occur?
Where the most auxin is
71
What is a balanced diet?
Right amount of nutrients | To provide the right amount of energy
72
How do statins work?
They reduce the production of cholesterol in the liver
73
What causes a difference in metabolic rate?
Gender Body mass Exercise done Inheritance

B1 - Biology (7 decks)

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