1 Keeping Healthy Flashcards
Why can some people eat lots of food without getting fat?2
- different people need different amounts of energy
- the metabolic rate varies from person to person
How does an athletes diet differ from yours?
The more exercise you take the more food you need
Why is it unhealthy to be too thin?
People who do not have enough to eat can develop serious health problems eg deficiency diseases
Why are people who do exercise usually healthier than those who do not?
Exercise increased the amount of energy expended by the body
How can inherited factors affect your health?
Metabolic rate and cholesterol level
What are pathogens? with examples
Pathogens are infectious diseases caused by microorganisms eh bacteria and viruses
How do bacteria and viruses cause disease?3
- They reproduce rapidly inside your body
- Bacteria can produce toxins which make you feel ill
- Viruses damage your cells as they reproduce making you feel ill
How did Ignaz Semmelweis change the way we look at disease?
He recognised the importance of hand-washing in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in hospital
How does your body stop pathogens getting in?3
- the entry of pathogens are blocked using the skin
- the mucus of the breathing system
- the clotting of the blood
How do white blood cells protect us from disease?
- they help to defend you against pathogens by ingesting them, making antibodies and making antitoxins
What is a medicine?2
A medicine is something which relieves the symptoms of disease
but do not kill the pathogens which cause it
What is an antibiotic?
Something that cures bacterial duels eases by killing the bacteria inside your body
Why can’t we use antibiotics to treat diseases caused by viruses?
- Antibiotics do not destroy viruses because viruses reproduce inside the cells
- it is difficult to develop drugs that can destroy viruses without damaging your body cells
Why do we need uncontaminated cultures?
To investigate the effect of chemicals such as disinfectants and antibiotics on microorganisms
Why do we incubate bacteria at no more than 25 degrees in schools and colleges?
To reduce the likelihood of harmful pathogens growing
What does a healthy diet contain?7
Balanced amounts of:
- proteins
- carbohydrates
- fats
- vitamins
- minerals
- fibre
- water
How can we prevent antibiotic resistance developing?
Not overusing antibiotics
Why is mutation in bacteria and viruses such a problem?3
- new strains of the pathogen can appear causing disease
- they can spread rapidly causing epidemics and pandemics
- antibiotics and vaccinated may not be effective against the new strain
How does the immune system work?4
- your white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the pathogens
- then your body will respond rapidly to future infections by the same pathogen
- this is done by making the correct antibody as if you previously had the disease
How does vaccination protect you against disease?
You can be immunised against a disease by introducing small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens into your body
How has the treatment of disease changed over time?
As our understanding of how antibiotic and immunity has increased
What are carbohydrates used for?
Main energy source
What are fats used for?
Energy store
What are proteins used for?
Growth and repair
What are vitamins and minerals used for?
To help various chemical reactions in the body
What is fibre used for?
It helps the digestive system
What is water used for?
It transports dissolved substances
What happens if you don’t sustain a balanced diet?
You become malnourished
If the energy intake is bigger than the energy used what are you?
Overweight
If the energy intake is less than the energy used what do you become?
Under weight
If you are overweight for a long period of time what kind of health problems could be caused? 4
- Arthritis caused by excess weight in joints
- type 2 diabetes where blood sugar can no longer be controlled
- high blood pressure
- heart disease
What is osteo arthritis?
Arthritis from the wearing away of the joints
How is diabetes type 2 different from part 1?
You get this over a series of time and type one is given genetically
Two ways of losing weight?4
- you can take up more exercise
- cutting back on the amount of energy taken in
(best to do both) - joining a skinny group
- loosing it gradually so don’t hurt yourself
Why do people starve? 3
- civil wars
- droughts
- pests that destroy local crops so people can’t eat
What is cholesterol?
A waxy fat molecule essential in the body for producing cell membranes and some hormones
What causes a rise in harmful cholesterol in the blood?
Eating food with lots of fat in it
How many types of cholesterol are there?
2
How can you reduce the chances of dangerous cholesterol building up in the arteries?
Exercise as this triggers a rise in the healthy cholesterol and a drop in the harmful form
What is a droplet infection?
When you cough sneeze or talk you expel tiny droplets that are full of pathogens from your breathing system
What is direct contact?
Some diseases are spread by contract of the skin eg some stds like herpes
How do contaminated food and drink spread?
Eating raw, undercooked food, water with sewage in it can give you pathogens by taking large numbers of microorganisms straight into your gut
How can pathogens by speed by a cut?
When people live in crowded conditions with no sewage treatments infectious diseases can spread rapidly by cute scratches and needle punctures
How does the skin defend against pathogens?
The skin acts as a barrier, if there is a cut scabs form to prevent pathogens from entering the blood
How does the lungs defend against pathogens?
The lungs contain sticky mucus which traps pathogens invading the breathing tubes, which can then be moved out and swallowed
How does the acid defend against pathogens?
It destroys most of the pathogens you swallow
Who is Alexander Flemming?
The man who discovered penicillin
Why use a control group?
Give comparison
What two things affect metabolic rate?
Inheritance
Age
Gender
Body mass
Why test a drug before general release?
Check not harmful
Check interaction with other drugs
Dosage
Rsee if they work
What three diseases and conditions are linked to obesity?
Diabetes
Heart disease
Arthritis
What did Semmelweis insist that doctors do?
Wash those hands before examining patients
Which greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in the hospital
What are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases?
Pathogens
How can risk be reduced in testing for disinfectants or antibiotics?
Perro dishes and culture media must be sterilised (to kill unwanted microorganisms)
Inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms should be sterilised by a flame
Lid of a Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from air contaminating culture
How does exercise help someone loose weight?
Increases metabolic rate
Exercise needed energy
Fat stores broken down
What does increasing intake of high fat food give risk of?
Heart disease
Raised levels of harmful cholesterol
Why do you need cholesterol?
For cell membranes
To make vital hormones
Size difference between bacteria and viruses?
Bacteria : single called much smaller than animal or plant cells
Viruses : smaller than bacteria with regular shapes
Examples of uses of bacteria?
Yoghurt
Cheese
Treating sewage
Making medicine
Describe a droplet infection?
Coughing sneezing or droplets
You expel tiny droplets full of pathogens from breathing systems
Other people breathe these in along with the pathogens they contain
Describe direct contact with examples?
Direct contact of skin eg stds like genital herpes
Describe contaminated food and drink as a way of infection?
Eating raw or undercooked food
Drinking water containing sewage
Eg diarrhoea
Large number of microorganisms go straight to your gut
Describe how a break in your skin can cause pathogens to enter your body?
Though cuts, scratches and needle punctures eg HIV/AIDS or hepatitis
Describe what happens if you bleed on the surface of your skin?
Your blood quickly forms a clot which dries into a scab
The scab forms a seal over the cut
Stopping pathogens from getting in the wound
Describe how the breathing systems’ mucus prevents pathogens?
Mucus covers the lining of lungs and tubes to trap pathogens
Mucus is moved out of your body or swallowed down into the guy
The acid in stomach destroys microorganisms
What part of a vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to make antibodies?
The antigens in the vaccine
During IVF, why is a woman given FSH?
To make sure as many eggs as possible mature in her ovaries
Why is a woman given LH during IVF?
To make sure all mature eggs are released
In the roots of a plant where does the most growth occur?
On the side of the least auxin
In the shoot of a plant where does the most growth occur?
Where the most auxin is
What is a balanced diet?
Right amount of nutrients
To provide the right amount of energy
How do statins work?
They reduce the production of cholesterol in the liver
What causes a difference in metabolic rate?
Gender
Body mass
Exercise done
Inheritance
