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a - cs > 6 - security, privacy and data integrity > Flashcards

6 - security, privacy and data integrity Flashcards

1
Q

how to prevent data loss / restrict access

A

user accounts
passwords
firewalls
antivirus software
antispyware software
encryption
biometrics

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2
Q

user accounts

A

authenticate a user - control access rights

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3
Q

passwords

A
  • should be hard to crack and changed frequently - run antispyware software - mix of cases, numbers, keyboard characters
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4
Q

firewalls

A

sits between the comp and a network and filters info in/ out - software or hardware or both
- Examines traffic
- Checks if data going in/out meets criteria
- Blocks traffic if it fails the criteria and warns of security issue
- Logs all incoming/ outgoing traffic
- Prevents access to undesirable sites (keeps a list of IPs)
- Helps prevent viruses/ hackers
- Warns the user if software is trying to access an external data source

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5
Q

antivirus software

A
  • Checks software before its opened on comp
  • Compares possible viruses against a database of known viruses
  • Carries out heuristic checking
  • Quarantines possible infected files
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6
Q

antispyware software

A
  • detects and removes spyware programs that have been illegally installed
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7
Q

encryption

A
  • if a hacker accesses data without the encryption keys it cant decode the data
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8
Q

biometrics

A
  • rely on unique human features eg fingerprints - compares ridges/valleys, retina scans - compare blood vessels in the retina
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9
Q

risks to data security

A

hacking
phishing
pharming
malware
- viruses
- worms
- logic bombs
- Trojan horses
- bots
- spyware

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10
Q

malicious vs ethical hacking

A

Malicious hacking - illegal access to a comp system without users permission or knowledge - intent of deleting altering, corrupting files or to gain personal details
Ethical hacking - authorised by companies to check their security and how robust the system is

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11
Q

virus

A
  • replicate themselves with the intent to delete or corrupt files causing malfunction
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12
Q

worm

A

can replicate themselves with the intent of spreading to other comps - use networks to find weak comps

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13
Q

logic bomb

A

embedded in a program on a comp - when conditioned are met they are activated to delete files or send data to hackers

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14
Q

trojan horses

A

disguised as legitimate software

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15
Q

bots

A

Not always harmful- can search automatically for an item on the internet- can cause harm by taking control over a computer system and launching attacks

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16
Q

spyware

A

gathers information by monitoring then sending it back to the hacker eg key presses

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17
Q

phishing

A
  • Someone sends legitimate emails
  • May contain links
  • Take user to fake website
  • Trick user into entering personal data
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18
Q

phishing - how to prevent

A

○ Make users aware of new scams
○ Don’t click unsafe links
○ Run anti-phishing toolbars on web browsers
○ Look for https in address
○ Check accounts and change passwords regularly
○ Keep browser security up to date
○ Block pop ups

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19
Q

pharming

A
  • Malicious code on users comp / server - can be stored on HDD without the user knowing
  • Redirects the user to a fake website (without knowing- don’t take an action unlike phishing where they have to click)
  • The hacker can then gain personal data
  • Website appears to be trusted
20
Q

pharming - how to prevent

A

○ Antivirus software
○ Use browsers that alert to attacks
○ Check website URL spelling
○ Check for https

21
Q

data integrity

A

should be accurate consistent and up to data

22
Q

compromising data integrity

A

Can be compromised
- During data entry/ transmission
- By malicious attacks
- By accidental loss (hardware issues)
Mitigated by - validation and verification

23
Q

validation

A
  • check if data entered is reasonable and within a given criteria
    Eg type, range, format, length, presence, existence, limit check, consistency check, uniqueness check
24
Q

verification

A
  • way of preventing errors when data is entered manually
25
Q

verification during entry

A
  • Double entry - entered twice using 2 diff people + compared
  • Visual check - compared to original document
  • Check digits- additional digit added to a number eg barcodes/ VINs - ensures correct numbers have been entered
26
Q

verification during transfer

A
  • Checksums
  • Parity checks
  • ARQ - automatic repeat request
27
Q

checksums

A
  • Data is sent in blocks
  • An additional value (checksum) is sent at the end of the block
28
Q

parity checks

A
  • A byte of data is allocated a parity bit
  • Even parity - have an even no. 1s
  • Odd parity - have an odd no. 1s
  • Before transfer users agree on the type of parity (protocol)
    If the received data isn’t the correct type an error has occurred - cant know which bit is the error but know there is one (can fix this by using parity blocks)
29
Q

parity blocks

A

○ A block of data is sent and the no. 1s are totalled horizontally and vertically (a parity check is done in both directions)
○ So can identify there is an error and where the error is

30
Q

AQR - automatic repeat request

A
  • Uses acknowledgment (message to receiver to say its been sent) and timeout (interval to allow for acknowledgment)
  • When the receiving device detects an error- asks packet to be resent
  • If no error a positive acknowledgment will be sent
  • Sending device will resend
    ○ If receives a request to resend
    ○ A timeout occurred
  • Continuous until packet is correctly received or until the AQR limit is reached
31
Q

data privacy

A

the privacy of personal info or other info stored on a comp that should not be accessed by unauthorised parites

32
Q

data security

A

methods to prevent unauthorised access to data and to recover lost data

33
Q

data protection laws

A

data must be
- fairly and lawfully processed
- can only be processed for stated purpose
- adequate relevant and not excessive
- accurate
- not kept for longer than needed
- processed in accordance with the data subjects rights
- kept secure
- not transferred to over countries without adequate protection

34
Q

data recovery

A
  • use back ups in case data is lost
  • save data regularly
35
Q

type check

A

checks if non numeric data has been input into a numeric onyl field

36
Q

range check

A

he is if data is in the right range

37
Q

format check

A

checks if it’s in the agreed format eg dd/mm/yy

38
Q

length check

A

checks where data has required number of characters

39
Q

presence check

A

checks field is not empty

40
Q

existence check

A

checks if data in a file/ a file name actually exists

41
Q

limit check

A

checks one limit eg upper or lower

42
Q

consistency check

A

checks whether data in 2 or more fields match

43
Q

uniqueness check

A

checks that each value entered is unique

44
Q

modulo-11

A

example of a check digit
- each digit is giving a weighting 7-1 left to right
- multiplied by weighting then added to make a total
- total divided by 11 and remainder is subtracted from 11
- check digit in the value generated

45
Q

how checksums work

A
  • the sun of the bits / 256
  • round down to nearest whole number
  • times by 256
  • calc difference between this and the sum
  • this value is checksum

a - cs (20 decks)

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