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Molecular Biology > 6. Replications, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA > Flashcards

6. Replications, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

activation-induced deaminase (AID)

A

An enzyme expressed in B lymphocytes that deaminates cytosine in DNA to form uracil in the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. AID is required for both class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation.

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2
Q

antigen

A

A molecule against which an antibody is directed.

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3
Q

AP endonuclease

A

A DNA repair enzyme that cleaves next to apyrimidinic or apurinic sites in DNA.

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4
Q

autonomously replicating sequence (ARS)

A

An origin of DNA replication in yeast.

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5
Q

base-excision repair

A

A mechanism of DNA repair in which single damaged bases are removed in a DNA molecule.

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6
Q

class switch recombination

A

A type of region-specific recombination responsible for the association of rearranged immunoglobulin V(D)J regions with different heavy-chain constant regions.

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7
Q

DNA glycosylase

A

A DNA repair enzyme that cleaves the bond linking a purine or pyrimidine to the deoxyribose of the backbone of a DNA molecule.

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8
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme that seals breaks in DNA strands.

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9
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of DNA.

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10
Q

double-strands break

A

Damage that results in breaks in both complementary strands of DNA.

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11
Q

excinuclease

A

The protein complex that excises damaged DNA during nucleotide-excision repair in bacteria.

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12
Q

exonuclease

A

An enzyme that hydrolyzes DNA molecules in either 5’ to 3’ or 3’ to 5’ direction.

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13
Q

gene amplification

A

An increase in the number of copies of a gene resulting from the repeated replication of a region of DNA.

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14
Q

helicase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the unwinding of DNA.

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15
Q

homologous recombination

A

Recombination between segments of DNA with homologous nucleotide sequences.

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16
Q

immunoglobulin

A

antibody

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17
Q

lagging strand

A

The strand of DNA synthesized opposite the direction of movement of the replication fork by ligation of Okazaki fragments.

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18
Q

leading strand

A

The strand of DNA synthesized continuously in the direction of movement of the replication fork.

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19
Q

LINE (long interspersed element)

A

Member of a family of highly repeated retrotransposons in mammalian genomes.

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20
Q

long terminal repeat (LTR)

A

Sequences found at the ends of retroviral DNA that are direct repeats of several hundred nucleotides resulting from reverse transcriptase activity.

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21
Q

mismatch pair

A

A repair system that removes mismatched bases from newly synthesized DNA strands.

22
Q

nucleotide-excision repair

A

A mechanism of DNA repair in which oligonucleotides containing damaged bases are removed from a DNA molecule.

23
Q

Okazaki fragment

A

A short DNA fragment synthesized to form the lagging strand of DNA.

24
Q

origin of replication

A

A specific DNA sequence that serves as a binding site for proteins that initiate replication.

25
Q

origin recognition complex (ORC)

A

A protein complex that initiates DNA replication at eukaryotic origins.

26
Q

photo-reactivation

A

A mechanism of DNA repair in which solar energy is used to split pyrimidine dimers.

27
Q

primase

A

An RNA polymerase used to initiate DNA synthesis.

28
Q

processed pseudogene

A

A pseudogene that has arisen by reverse transcription of mRNA.

29
Q

proofreading

A

The selective removal of mismatched bases by DNA polymerase.

30
Q

pyrimidine dimer

A

A common form of DNA damage caused by UV light in which adjacent pyrimidines are joined to form a dimer.

31
Q

Rad51

A

The eukaryotic homolog of RecA.

32
Q

RecA

A

A protein that promotes the exchange of strands between homologous DNA molecules during recombination.

33
Q

recombinational repair

A

The repair of damaged DNA by recombination with an undamaged homologous DNA molecule.

34
Q

replication fork

A

The region of DNA synthesis where the parental strands separate and two new daughter strands elongate.

35
Q

retrotransposons

A

A transposable element that moves via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate.

36
Q

retrovirus

A

A virus that replicates by making a DNA copy of its RNA genome by reverse transcription.

37
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

A DNA polymerase that uses and RNA template.

38
Q

RNase H

A

An enzyme that degrades the RNA strand of RNA-DNA hybrid molecules.

39
Q

SINE (short interspersed element)

A

A family of highly repeated retrotransposons in mammalian genomes.

40
Q

single stranded DNA-binding protein

A

A protein that stabilizes unwound DNA by binding to single stranded regions.

41
Q

site-specific recombination

A

Recombination mediated by proteins that recognizes specific DNA sequences.

42
Q

somatic hypermutation

A

The introduction of multiple mutations within rearranged immunoglobulin variable regions to increase antibody diversity.

43
Q

T cell receptor

A

A t lymphocyte surface protein that recognizes antigens expressed on the surface of other cells.

44
Q

telomerase

A

A reverse transcriptase that synthesizes telomeric repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes from its own RNA template.

45
Q

telomere

A

A repeat of simple sequence DNA that maintains the ends of linear chromosomes.

46
Q

topoisomerase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible breakage and rejoining of DNA strands.

47
Q

transcription-coupled repair

A

The preferential repair of damage to transcribed strands of DNA.

48
Q

translesion DNA synthesis

A

A form of repair in which specialized DNA polymerases replicate across a site of DNA damage.

49
Q

transposable element

A

transposon

50
Q

transposon

A

A DNA sequence that can move to different positions in the genome.

Molecular Biology (6 decks)

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