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Molecular Biology > 5. The Organization and Sequences of Cellular Genomes > Flashcards

5. The Organization and Sequences of Cellular Genomes Flashcards

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1
Q

alternative splicing

A

The generation of different mRNAs by varying the pattern of pre-mRNA splicing.

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2
Q

bioinformatics

A

The use of computational methods to analyze large amounts of biological data, such as genome sequences.

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3
Q

CENP-A

A

centromeric H3

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4
Q

centromere

A

A specialized chromosomal region that connects sister chromatids and attaches them to the mitotic spindle.

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5
Q

chromatin

A

The fibrous complex of eukaryotic DNA and histone proteins.

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6
Q

chromatosome

A

A chromatin subunit consisting of 166 base pairs of DNA wrapped around a histone core and held in place by a linker histone.

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7
Q

DNA transposon

A

A transposable element that moves via a DNA intermediate.

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8
Q

epigenetic inheritance

A

The transmission of information from parent to progeny that is not contained within the sequence of DNA.

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9
Q

euchromatin

A

De-condensed, transcriptionally active interphase chromatin.

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10
Q

gene

A

A functional unit of inheritance, corresponding to a segment of DNA that encodes a polypeptide or RNA Molecule.

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11
Q

exon

A

A segment of a gene that is included in a spliced mRNA.

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12
Q

gene family

A

A group of related genes that have arisen by duplication of a common ancestor.

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13
Q

genome-wide association scan

A

A method of large-scale genome analysis used to identify genes responsible for inherited diseases.

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14
Q

heterochromatin

A

Condensed, transcriptionally active chromatin.

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15
Q

histone

A

Member of a family of proteins that package DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes.

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16
Q

intron

A

A non-coding sequence that interrupts exons in a gene.

17
Q

kilobase

A

(kb) One thousand nucleotides or nucleotide base pairs

18
Q

kinetcochore

A

A specialized structure consisting of proteins attached to a centromere that mediates the attachment and movement of chromosomes along the mitotic spindle.

19
Q

LINE (long interspersed element)

A

Member of a family of highly repeated retrotransposons in mammalian genomes.

20
Q

megabase (Mb)

A

One million nucleotides or nucleotide base pairs.

21
Q

nucleosomes

A

The basic structural unit of chromatin consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone core.

22
Q

nucleosome core particle

A

Particle containing 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer consisting of two molecules each of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

23
Q

open-reading frame

A

A stretch of nucleotide sequence that does not contain stop codons and can encode a polypeptide.

24
Q

processed pseudogene

A

A pseudogene that has arisen by reverse transcription of mRNA.

25
Q

pseudogene

A

A non-functional gene copy.

26
Q

retrotransposition

A

Movement of a transposable element via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate.

27
Q

retrotransposon

A

A transposable element that moves via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate.

28
Q

retrovirus-like element

A

A retrotransposon that is structurally similar to a retrovirus.

29
Q

RNA splicing

A

The joining of exons in a precursor RNA molecule.

30
Q

satellite DNA

A

Simple sequence repetitive DNA with a buoyant density differing from the bulk of genomic DNA.

31
Q

simple-sequence repeat

A

Member of a class of DNA sequences consisting of tandem arrays of thousands of compies of short sequences.

32
Q

SINE (short interspersed element)

A

Member of a family of highly repeated retrotransposons in mammalian genomes.

33
Q

systems biology

A

A new field of biology in which large-scale experimental approaches are combined with quantitative analysis and modeling to study complex biological systems.

34
Q

telomerase

A

A reverse transcriptase that synthesizes telomeric repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes from its own RNA template.

35
Q

telomere

A

A repeat of simple-sequence DNA that maintains the ends of linear chromosomes.

Molecular Biology (6 decks)

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