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Molecular Biology > 2. The Composition of Cells > Flashcards

2. The Composition of Cells Flashcards

0
Q

A protein that forms pores through a membrane.

A

channel protein

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1
Q

A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine residues that is the principal component of fungal cell walls.

A

chitin

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2
Q

The principal structural component of the plant cell wall, a linear polymer of glucose residues linked by beta (1-4) glycosidic bonds.

A

cellulose

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3
Q

A protein that selectively binds and transports small molecules across a membrane.

A

carrier protein

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4
Q

A molecule with the formula (CH2O)n.

A

carbohydrate

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5
Q

A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

A

amphipathic

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6
Q

Monomeric building blocks of proteins, consisting of carbon atom bound to a carboxyl group, an amino acid, a hydrogen atom, and a distinctive side chain.

A

amino acid

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7
Q

A purine that base-pairs with either thymine or uracil.

A

adenine

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8
Q

The transport of molecules in an energetically unfavorable direction across a membrane coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or other source of energy.

A

active transport

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9
Q

The five-carbon sugar of DNA.

A

2’-deoxyribose

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10
Q

A transmembrane domain formed by the folding of beta sheets into a barrel-like structure.

A

β-barrel

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11
Q

A sheetlike secondary structure of a polypeptide chain, formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids located in different regions of the polypeptide.

A

β sheet

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12
Q

A coiled secondary structure of a polypeptide chain formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids separated by four residues.

A

Alpha helix

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13
Q

A lipid consisting of four hydrocarbon rings. __________ is a major constituent of animal cell plasma membranes and the precursor of steroid hormones.

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

A pyrimidine that base-pairs with guanine.

A

cytosine

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15
Q

The genetic material of the cell.

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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16
Q

A folded three-dimensional region of a protein that forms the basic unit of tertiary structure.

A

domain

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17
Q

A long hydrocarbon chain usually linked to a carboxyl group (COO-)

A

fatty acid

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18
Q

A model of membrane structure in which proteins are inserted in a fluid phospholipid bilayer.

A

fluid mosaic model

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19
Q

The systematic analysis of entire cell genomes.

A

genomics

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20
Q

A phospholipid consisting of two fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule.

A

glycerol phospholipid

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21
Q

A polymer of glucose residues that is the principal storage of carbohydrates in animals.

A

glycogen

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22
Q

A lipid consisting of two hydrocarbon chains linked to a polar head group containing carbohydrates.

A

glycolipid

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23
Q

The bond formed between sugar residues in oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.

A

glycosidic bond

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24
Q

A purine that base-pairs with cytosine.

A

guanine

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25
Q

Soluble in water.

A

hydrophilic

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26
Q

Not soluble in water.

A

hydrophobic

27
Q

A protein embedded within the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

A

integral membrane protein

28
Q

Member of a group of hydrophobic molecules that function as energy storage molecules, signaling molecules, and the major components of cell membranes

A

lipid

29
Q

A method for identifying compounds based on accurate determination of their mass. _____ __________ is commonly used for protein identification.

A

mass spectrometry

30
Q

A simple sugar with the basic formula (CH2O)n.

A

monosaccharide

31
Q

A purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar (ribose or dexyribose).

A

nucleoside

32
Q

A phosphorylated nucleoside.

A

nucleotide

33
Q

A short polymer of only a few nucleotides.

A

oligonucleotide

34
Q

A short polymer of only a few sugars.

A

oligosaccharide

35
Q

The transport of molecules across a membrane in the energetically favorable direction.

A

passive transport

36
Q

The bond joining amino acids in polypeptide chains.

A

peptide bond

37
Q

A protein that is indirectly associated with cell membranes by protein-protein inter-action.

A

peripheral membrane protein

38
Q

A bond between the 5’-phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3’-hydroxyl of another.

A

phosphodiester bond

39
Q

One of a family of molecules that are the principal components of cell membranes, consisting of two hydrocarbon chains (usually fatty acids) joined to a polar head group containing phosphate.

A

phospholipid

40
Q

The basic structure of biological membranes in which the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids are buried in the interior of the membrane and their polar head groups are exposed to the aqueous solution on either side.

A

phospholipid bilayer

41
Q

A polymer containing up to millions of nucleotides.

A

polynucleotide

42
Q

A polymer of amino acids.

A

polypeptide

43
Q

A polymer containing thousands of sugars.

A

polysaccharide

44
Q

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

A

primary structure

45
Q

A polypetide with a unique amino acid sequence.

A

protein

46
Q

All of the proteins expressed in a given cell.

A

proteome

47
Q

Large-scale analysis of cell proteins.

A

proteomics

48
Q

One of the types of bases present in nucleic acids. The ________ are adenine and guanine.

A

purine

49
Q

One of the types of bases present in nucleic acids. The __________ are cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

A

pyrimidine

50
Q

The interactions between polypeptide chains in proteins consisting of more than one polypeptide.

A

quaternary structure

51
Q

A polymer of ribonucleotides.

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

52
Q

The five-carbon sugar found in RNA.

A

ribose

53
Q

The regular arrangement of amino acids within localized regions of a polypeptide chain.

A

secondary structure

54
Q

A phospholipid consisting of two hydrocarbon chains bound to a polar head group containing serine.

A

sphingomyelin

55
Q

A polymer of glucose residues that is the principle storage form of carbohydrates in plants.

A

starch

56
Q

A member of a group of hydrophobic hormones, including estrogen and testosterone, that are derivatives of cholesterol.

A

steroid hormone

57
Q

A new field of biology in which large-scale experimental approaches are combined with quantitative analysis and modeling to study complex biological systems.

A

systems biology

58
Q

The three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its functional form.

A

tertiary structure

59
Q

A pyrimidine found in DNA that base-pairs with adenine.

A

thymine

60
Q

An integral membrane protein that spans the lipid bilayer and has portions exposed on both sides of the membrane.

A

transmembrane protein

61
Q

Three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule.

A

triacylglycerol

62
Q

A method for separating cell proteins based on both charge and size.

A

2-D gel electrophoresis

63
Q

A pyrimidine found in RNA that base-pairs with adenine.

A

uracil

64
Q

A method in which diffraction pattern of X-rays is used to determine the arrangement of individual atoms within a molecule.

A

X-ray crystallography

Molecular Biology (6 decks)

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