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Molecular Biology > 1. An Overview of Cells and Cell Research > Flashcards

1. An Overview of Cells and Cell Research Flashcards

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1
Q

ATP.

A

adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)

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2
Q

A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

A

amphipathic

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3
Q

One of two major groups of prokaryotes; many species of of this group live in extreme conditions similar to those prevalent on primitive Earth.

A

archaebacteria

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4
Q

A bacterial virus.

A

bacteriophage

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5
Q

A nematode used as a simple multicellular model for development.

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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6
Q

An undifferentiated mass of plant cells in culture.

A

callus

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7
Q

Cells that can proliferate indefinitely in culture.

A

cell line

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8
Q

A rigid, porous structure forming an external layer that provides structural support to bacteria, fungi, and plant cells.

A

cell wall

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9
Q

A plastid that contains carotenoids.

A

chromoplast

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10
Q

A form of microscopy in which fluorescence microscopy is combined with electronic image analysis to obtain images with increased contrast and detail.

A

confocal microscopy

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11
Q

The largest and most complex prokaryotes in which photosynthesis is believed to have evolved.

A

cyanobacteria

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12
Q

A network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It provides the structural framework of the cell and is responsible for cell movements.

A

cytoskeleton

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13
Q

A method of separating particles by centrifugation through a gradient of a dense substance, such as sucrose or cesium chloride.

A

density-gradient centrifugation

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14
Q

A method used to separate the components of cells on the basis of their size and density.

A

differential centrifugation

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15
Q

A type of microscopy in which variations in density or thickness between parts of the cell are converted to differences in contrast in the final image.

A

differential interference-contrast microscopy

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16
Q

A species of fruit fly commonly used for studies of animal genetics and development.

A

Drosophila melanogaster

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17
Q

A method used to generate three-dimensional images by computer analysis of multiple two-dimensional images obtained by electron microscopy.

A

electron tomography

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18
Q

A stem cell cultured from an early embryo.

A

embryonic stem cell

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19
Q

An extensive network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs involved in protein sorting and processing as well as in lipid synthesis.

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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20
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which one cell resides within a larger cell.

A

endosymbiosis

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21
Q

A type of cell that forms sheets (epithelial tissue) that cover the surface of the body and line internal organs.

A

epithelial cell

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22
Q

The separation of particles on the basis of density by centrifugation to equilibrium in a gradient of a dense substance.

A

equilibrium centrifugation

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23
Q

A red blood cell.

A

erythrocyte

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24
Q

A species of bacteria that has been extensively used as a model system for molecular biology.

A

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

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25
Q

One of two major groups of prokaryotes, including most common species of bacteria.

A

eubacteria

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26
Q

A cell that has a nuclear envelope, cytoplasmic organelles, and linear chromosomes.

A

eukaryotic cell

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27
Q

A cell type found in connective tissue.

A

fibroblast

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28
Q

Type of microscopy in which molecules are detected based on the emission of flourescent light.

A

fluorescence microscopy

29
Q

A method used to study the movement of proteins within living cells.

A

fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)

30
Q

A method used to study protein interactions within living cells.

A

fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)

31
Q

Method of electron microscopy in which specimens are frozen in liquid nitrogen and then fractured to split the lipid bilayer, revealing the interior faces of cell membranes.

A

freeze fracture

32
Q

A functional unit of inheritance, corresponding to a segment of DNA that encodes a polpeptide or RNA molecule

A

gene

33
Q

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose.

A

glycolysis

34
Q

A cytoplasmic organelle involved in the processing and sorting of proteins and lipids. In plant cells, it is also the site of the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides.

A

Golgi apparatus

35
Q

A type of blood cell involved in inflammatory reactions.

A

granulocyte

36
Q

A protein from jellyfish that is commonly used as a marker for fluorescence microscopy.

A

green fluorescent protein (GFP)

37
Q

Not soluble in water.

A

hydrophobic

38
Q

Soluble in water.

A

hydrophilic

39
Q

A blood cell that functions in the immune response. B __________ produce antibodies and T __________ are responsible for cell mediated immunity.

A

lymphocyte

40
Q

A cytoplasmic organelle containing enzymes that break down biological polymers.

A

lysosome

41
Q

A type of white blood cell specialized for phagocytosis.

A

macrophage

42
Q

An electron microscopic technique in which the surface of a specimen is coated with a thin layer of evaporated metal.

A

metal shadowing

43
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells by oxidative phosphorylation.

A

mitochondria

44
Q

A type of blood cell involved in inflammatory reactions.

A

monocyte

45
Q

A form of fluorescence microscopy in which the specimen is illuminated with a wavelength of light such that excitation of the fluorescent dye requires the simultaneous absorption of two or more photons.

A

multi-photon excitation microscopy

46
Q

A nerve cell specialized to receive and transmit signals throughout the body.

A

neuron

47
Q

The most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cells; contains the genetic material.

A

nucleus

48
Q

The use of molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor in the breakdown of organic molecules.

A

oxidative metabolism

49
Q

A cytoplasmic organelle specialized for carrying out oxidative reactions.

A

peroxisome

50
Q

A type of microscopy in which variations in density or thickness between parts of the cell are converted to differences in contrast in the final image.

A

phase-contrast microscopy

51
Q

One of a family of molecules that are the principal components of cell membranes, consisting of two hydrocarbon chains (usually fatty acids) joined to a polar head group containing phosphate.

A

phospholipid

52
Q

The process by which cells harness energy from sunlight and synthesize glucose from CO2 and water.

A

photosynthesis

53
Q

A phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins that surrounds the cell.

A

plasma membrane

54
Q

The initial cell culture established from a tissue.

A

primary culture

55
Q

A cell lacking a nuclear envelope and cytoplasmic organelles (bacteria).

A

prokaryotic cell

56
Q

The ability of a microscope to distinguish objects separated by small distances.

A

resolution

57
Q

A virus that replicates by making a DNA copy of its RNA genome by reverse transcription.

A

retrovirus

58
Q

A particle composed of RNA and proteins that is the site of protein synthesis.

A

ribosome

59
Q

An early stage of evolution based on self-replicating RNA molecules.

A

RNA world

60
Q

A frequently studied budding yeast.

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

61
Q

The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.

A

transcription

62
Q

The synthesis of a polypeptide chain from an mRNA template.

A

translation

63
Q

A centrifuge that rotates samples at high speeds

A

ultracentrifuge

64
Q

A large membrane-enclosed sac in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. In plant cells, these organelles function to store nutrients and waste products, to degrade macromolecules, and to maintain turgor pressure.

A

vacuole

65
Q

The separation of particles based on their rates of sedimentation.

A

velocity centrifugation

66
Q

The simplest unicellular eukaryotes. These organisms are important models for studies of eukaryotic cells.

A

yeast

67
Q

An African clawed frog used as a model system for developmental biology.

A

Xenopus laevis

68
Q

A species of small fish used for genetic studies of vertebrate development.

A

zebrafish

69
Q

A small flowering plant used as a model for plant molecular biology and development.

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

Molecular Biology (6 decks)

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