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Molecular Biology > 4. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology > Flashcards

4. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

The use of radioactive or fluorescent probes to detect RNA or DNA sequences in chromosomes or intact cells.

A

in situ hybridization

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2
Q

The introduction of mutations into cloned DNA in vitro.

A

in vitro mutagenesis

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3
Q

Protein synthesis in a cell-free extract.

A

in vitro translation

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4
Q

One copy of a gene.

A

allele

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5
Q

A protein produced by B lymphocytes that binds to a foreign molecule.

A

antibody

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6
Q

A DNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA molecule, synthesized in vitro by reverse transcriptase.

A

cDNA

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7
Q

A vector that can replicate as a chromosome in yeast cells and can accommodate very large DNA inserts (hundreds of kb).

A

yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)

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8
Q

immunoblotting

A

Western blotting

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9
Q

A DNA molecule used to direct the replication of a cloned DNA fragment in a host cell.

A

vector

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10
Q

The synthesis of a polypeptide chain from an mRNA template.

A

translation

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11
Q

The expression of unintegrated plasmid DNAs that have been introduced into cultured cells.

A

transient expression

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12
Q

A mouse that carries foreign genes incorporated into the germ line.

A

transgenic mouse

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13
Q

The transfer of DNA between genetically distinct bacteria. See also cell transformation.

A

transformation

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14
Q

An RNA molecule that functions as an adaptor between amino acids and mRNA during protein synthesis.

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

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15
Q

The introduction of a foreign gene into eukaryotic cells.

A

transfection

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16
Q

The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.

A

transcription

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17
Q

A plasmid used for gene transfer in plants.

A

Ti plasmid

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18
Q

A molecule against which an antibody is directed. antisense nucleic acid

A

antigen

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19
Q

A cell expressing a protein that is functional at one temperature but not at another, whereas the normal protein is functional at both temperatures.

A

temperature-sensitive mutant

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20
Q

A method in which radioactive or fluorescent probes are used to detect specific DNA fragments that have been separated by gel electrophoresis.

A

Southern blotting

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21
Q

The process of DNA replication in which the two parental strands separate and serve as templates for the synthesis of new progeny strands.

A

semiconservative replication

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22
Q

A commonly used method to separate proteins by gel electrophoresis on the basis of size.

A

SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)

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23
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA.

A

RNA polymerase

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24
Q

The degradation of mRNAs by short complementary double-stranded RNA molecules.

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

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25
Q

The RNA component of ribosomes.

A

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

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26
Q

Synthesis of DNA from an RNA template.

A

reverse transcription

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27
Q

A DNA polymerase that uses an RNA template.

A

reverse transcriptase

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28
Q

Analysis of gene function by introducing mutations into a cloned gene.

A

reverse genetics

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29
Q

A virus that replicates by making a DNA copy of its RNA genome by reverse transcription.

A

retrovirus

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30
Q

The locations of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites on a DNA molecule.

A

restriction map

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31
Q

An enzyme that cleaves DNA at a specific sequence.

A

restriction endonuclease

32
Q

A DNA insert joined to a vector.

A

recombinant molecule

33
Q

A collection of genomic or cDNA clones.

A

recombinant DNA library

34
Q

An allele that is masked by a dominant allele.

A

recessive

35
Q

A method for amplifying a region of DNA by repeated cycles of DNA synthesis in vitro.

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

36
Q

A small, circular DNA molecule capable of independent replication in a host cell.

A

plasmid

37
Q

The physical appearance of an organism.

A

phenotype

38
Q

A vector used for cloning large fragments of DNA in E. coli.

A

P1 artificial chromosome (PAC)

39
Q

A specific DNA sequence that serves as a binding site for proteins that initiate replication.

A

origin of replication

40
Q

The formation of double-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules by complementary base pairing.

A

nucleic acid hybridization

41
Q

A method in which mRNAs are separated by gel electrophoresis and detected by hybridization with specific probes.

A

Northern blotting

42
Q

New methods that allow rapid sequencing of billions of bases of DNA.

A

next-generation sequencing

43
Q

A genetic alteration.

A

mutation

44
Q

An antibody produced by a clonal line of B lymphocytes.

A

monoclonal antibody

45
Q

The insertion of a DNA fragment of interest into a DNA molecule (vector) that is capable of independent replication in a host cell.

A

molecular cloning

46
Q

A DNA insert joined to a vector.

A

molecular clone

47
Q

An RNA molecule that serves as a template for protein synthesis.

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

48
Q

The division of diploid cells to haploid progeny, consisting of two sequential rounds of nuclear and cellular division.

A

meiosis

49
Q

A lipid vesicle used to introduce DNA into mammalian cells.

A

liposome

50
Q

Inactivation of a chromosomal gene by homologous recombination with a cloned mutant allele.

A

knockout

51
Q

A method that uses antibodies to detect proteins separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

A

immunoblotting

52
Q

Recombination between segments of DNA with homologous nucleotide sequences.

A

homologous recombination

53
Q

An organism or cell that has one copy of each chromosome.

A

haploid

54
Q

The genetic composition of an organism.

A

genotype

55
Q

The correspondence between nucleotide triplets and amino acids in proteins.

A

genetic code

56
Q

The introduction of foreign DNA into a cell.

A

gene transfer

57
Q

A functional unit of inheritance, corresponding to a segment of DNA that encodes a polpeptide or RNA molecule

A

gene

58
Q

A method in which molecules are separated based on their migration in an electric field.

A

gel electrophoresis

59
Q

A vector used to direct expression of a cloned DNA fragment in a host cell.

A

expression vector

60
Q

A stem cell cultured from an early embryo.

A

embryonic stem cell

61
Q

The introduction of DNA into cells by exposure to a brief electric pulse.

A

electroporation

62
Q

A mutant that interferes with the function of the normal allele of the gene.

A

dominant inhibitory mutant

63
Q

The allele that determines the phenotype of an organism when more than one allele is present.

A

dominant

64
Q

An enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of DNA.

A

DNA polymerase

65
Q

VA glass slide or membrane filter onto which oligonucleotides or fragments of cDNAs are printed at a high density, allowing simultaneous analysis of thousands of genes by hybridization of the microarray with fluorescent probes.

A

DNA microarray

66
Q

An enzyme that seals breaks in DNA strands.

A

DNA ligase

67
Q

An organism or cell that carries two copies of each chromosome.

A

diploid

68
Q

A nucleotide that lacks the normal 3′ hydroxyl group of deoxyribose and is used as a chain-terminating nucleotide in

A

dideoxynucleotide

69
Q

A vector that contains bacteriophage λ sequences, antibiotic resistance sequences, and an origin of replication. It can accommodate large DNA inserts of up to 45 kb.

A

cosmid

70
Q

The basic unit of the genetic code; one of the 64 nucleotide triplets that code for an amino acid or stop sequence.

A

codon

71
Q

A carrier of genes, consisting of long DNA molecules and associated proteins.

A

chromosome

72
Q

The concept that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.

A

central dogma

73
Q

A nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA) that is complementary to an mRNA of interest and is used to block gene expression.

A

antisense nucleic acid

74
Q

A type of vector used for cloning large fragments of DNA in bacteria.

A

bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)

75
Q

transgenic mouse

A

A mouse that carries foreign genes incorporated into the germ line.

Molecular Biology (6 decks)

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