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Micro Exam 2 > 6: Killing Bacteria II > Flashcards

6: Killing Bacteria II Flashcards

1
Q

Borrelia Burgdoferi

A

Lyme disease

North East US

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2
Q

Trepomeia Pallidum

A 
sexual or congenital origin 
grows only in humans and rabit testes 
causes shphillis
2 negatives... like Gram neg
axial fillament (flagella that starts in periplasmic space instead of outside) contortion of whole cell  for movement 
very small genome 
spiral shape
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3
Q

Terpomeia Pallidum History

A

syphilis given to Columbus’ crew by native americans

south america syphilis caused european syphilis

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4
Q

Pros and cons to small genome

A

con: limited number of environments it can live in
pro: requires less nrg for replication

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5
Q

Tuskegee Syphillis Experiment

A

Trepomenia Pallidum
625 black men enrolled 1932-1972
not treated… researchers observed them dying
lead to having “informed consent”

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6
Q

Subspecies of Treponema

A

pallidum (syphilis)

pertenue (Yaws)

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7
Q

Syphilis

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

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8
Q

Primary Syphilis

A

direct sexual contact with infectious lesion
lesion appears 3-90 days after contact
chancer: lesion

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9
Q

Secondary Syphilis

A

4-10 weeks after exposure

rash

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10
Q

Tertiary Syphilis

A

3-15 yrs after exposure

soft tummor like inflamations in skin and bone

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11
Q

Congenital Syphilis

A

early (first year)L rash, fever, neurosyphyilis, pnemonitis)

Late: saddle nose deformation, saber shit

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12
Q

Yaws

A

tropical skin infection

subspecies T. pallidum pertenue

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13
Q

Disk Diffusion

A

place filter disc satuared with compound on lawn of bacteria

more clearing… bigger zone of clearance, more effective

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14
Q

Kirby-bauer

A

subset of disk diffusion tests

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15
Q

Surfacants

A

DON’T kill bacteria
DISLODGE bacteria

soap and detergent
Acid aninonic sanitizers
Quats

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16
Q

Acid aninonic sanitizers

A

aninoic react with plasma membranes

non-toxic, non-corrosive

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17
Q

Quats

A

wuaternary ammonium compounds
good antimicrobial
ineffective afainst pseudomonads

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18
Q

antimicrobial soap

A

soap plus another compound

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19
Q

Chemical Food Preservation

A

Don’t kill bacteria
inhibit bacterial growth

organic acids and salts
sulfer dioxides
potassium sorbate/sodium benzoate
Sodium nitrate and nitrite

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20
Q

organic acids and salts

A

chem

easily metabolized by us… but also bacteria… so least effective but best for body

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21
Q

sulfer dioxides

A

Wine… used by Homer

kind of distasteful and toxic, but good in small amounts

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22
Q

potassium sorbate/sodium benzoate

A

perserves acidic foods from molds
cheese and soda
not metabolized well, but not dangerous… build up

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23
Q

Sodium nitrate and nitrite

A

Slim jims

can become carcinogen if eaten too much… liver cancer

24
Q

alcohols

A

kill bacteria (bacteriacidal)
denature proteins in large enough concs
requires water for activity!

25
Q

advantages of alcohol

A

cheap

leaves no residue… good for surfaces

26
Q

disadvantages of alcohol

A

skin drying

doesn’t kill spores and non-enveloped viruses (colds… flu IS enveloped)

27
Q

overuse of ethanol in hospitals

A

killed everything but. C. difficile… spike in it since it ad less competetion and had better chance of transmission

28
Q

concentrations of alcohol that don’t work at any exposure time

A

100%… need water!

40% (what we drink)

29
Q

2 things to consider with effectivness of alcohol

A

concentration

exposure time

30
Q

why do we need water with alcohol

A

water breaks hydrogen bonds

31
Q

best alcohol conc

A

65-70%

32
Q

Halogens

A 
bacteriacidal
Chlorine
Bleach 
Iodine 
(fluoridation of water)
33
Q

Iodine tincture

A

mix iodine with alcohol and 10% water to make iodine more soluble… its pretty insoluble by itself

iodine not toxic to human tissue
iodine can be used to sterilize water
skin and wound antiseptic

34
Q

Chlorine

A

most effective… but damaging to host

gas react with water to make hypoclorous acid… strong oxidizer

35
Q

Bleach

A

destroys tissue

10% bleach is great surface disinfectant

36
Q

Heavy Metals

A

KILL bacteria
combine with sulfylhydril groups in protiens… denaturation

silver, copper, mercury, zinc… oldest…water and why we thrown coins into fountains

37
Q

Silver nitrate sollution

A

put in babies eyes to prevent gonorrhoea which causes blindness

38
Q

copper and mercury chloride

A

less used bc toxinc to humans

39
Q

Aldehydes

A

kill bacteria… and ppl
covalently link to proteins and destroy function

formaldehyde
formalin
Glutraldehyde

40
Q

formaldehyde

A

crosslink with proteins
preserve appearance… changes composition… toxic
good for bio spills… sterlization… destroys bio things that we don’t want… vat of flu

41
Q

formalin

A

great disinfectant

sample preservation

42
Q

Glutraldehyde

A

sterilize medical instruments

43
Q

mixture of Glutraldehyde and formaldehyde

A

prep cells for microscopy

44
Q

chemiical sterlization

A

kill everything in the room
closed chamber

ethlene oxide
chlorine dioxide
formalin gas
vaporous hydrogen peroxide

45
Q

ethlene oxide

A

react with side groups of bioc chems

has a VERY reactive oxygen that does this
oxidizes pretty much anything
sterlizer… kills everything

fumigant (termites)

46
Q

chlorine dioxide

A

drinking water

47
Q

most to least resistant microbes

A 
Prions
Endospores of Bacteria
Mycobacteria
Cysts of Protozoa
Vegetative Protozoa
Gram-neg Bacteria
Fungi (most fungal spores too)
Viruses w/o envelopes 
Gram Positive Bacteria
Viruses w/ lipid envelopes
48
Q

another way to kill bacteria

A

mutations

49
Q

mutations

A

permanent change in primary sequence of DNA
change in one strand… eventually subsequent replication leads to a base change

matter in the CODING sequence!!!!!

50
Q

nonsense mutations

A

early stop codon

often lethal

51
Q

missence mutations

A

change in coding sequence… different amino acid
sometimes lethal
sometimes has phenotype

52
Q

frame shift mutation

A

add or remove 1-2 nucleotides
shift how codons are read
change sequence of protein

may mean stop codon not read as stop codon… more amino acids added than there should be

53
Q

where do mutations matter (what sequence)

A

the CODING sequence

you can get away with mutations in the non-coding sequence

54
Q

How mutations happen

A

polymerase mistakes
UV light
Mutagenic Agents

55
Q

polymerase mistakes

A

has proofreading capability… but still makes mistakes

1:10,000 base pairs

56
Q

UV Light

A

Thymine dimers
T-T can pair with G… single base pair deletion… change in sequence (replace with single cytosine)

frame shift and/or missence

57
Q

Mutagenic Agents

A

chemical agents tht react with DNA and cause improper base pairing

Micro Exam 2 (8 decks)

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