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Micro Exam 2 > 6: Killing Bacteria II > Flashcards

6: Killing Bacteria II Flashcards

1
Q

Borrelia Burgdoferi

A

Lyme disease

North East US

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2
Q

Trepomeia Pallidum

A 
sexual or congenital origin 
grows only in humans and rabit testes 
causes shphillis
2 negatives... like Gram neg
axial fillament (flagella that starts in periplasmic space instead of outside) contortion of whole cell  for movement 
very small genome 
spiral shape
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3
Q

Terpomeia Pallidum History

A

syphilis given to Columbus’ crew by native americans

south america syphilis caused european syphilis

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4
Q

Pros and cons to small genome

A

con: limited number of environments it can live in
pro: requires less nrg for replication

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5
Q

Tuskegee Syphillis Experiment

A

Trepomenia Pallidum
625 black men enrolled 1932-1972
not treated… researchers observed them dying
lead to having “informed consent”

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6
Q

Subspecies of Treponema

A

pallidum (syphilis)

pertenue (Yaws)

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7
Q

Syphilis

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

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8
Q

Primary Syphilis

A

direct sexual contact with infectious lesion
lesion appears 3-90 days after contact
chancer: lesion

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9
Q

Secondary Syphilis

A

4-10 weeks after exposure

rash

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10
Q

Tertiary Syphilis

A

3-15 yrs after exposure

soft tummor like inflamations in skin and bone

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11
Q

Congenital Syphilis

A

early (first year)L rash, fever, neurosyphyilis, pnemonitis)

Late: saddle nose deformation, saber shit

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12
Q

Yaws

A

tropical skin infection

subspecies T. pallidum pertenue

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13
Q

Disk Diffusion

A

place filter disc satuared with compound on lawn of bacteria

more clearing… bigger zone of clearance, more effective

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14
Q

Kirby-bauer

A

subset of disk diffusion tests

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15
Q

Surfacants

A

DON’T kill bacteria
DISLODGE bacteria

soap and detergent
Acid aninonic sanitizers
Quats

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16
Q

Acid aninonic sanitizers

A

aninoic react with plasma membranes

non-toxic, non-corrosive

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17
Q

Quats

A

wuaternary ammonium compounds
good antimicrobial
ineffective afainst pseudomonads

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18
Q

antimicrobial soap

A

soap plus another compound

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19
Q

Chemical Food Preservation

A

Don’t kill bacteria
inhibit bacterial growth

organic acids and salts
sulfer dioxides
potassium sorbate/sodium benzoate
Sodium nitrate and nitrite

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20
Q

organic acids and salts

A

chem

easily metabolized by us… but also bacteria… so least effective but best for body

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21
Q

sulfer dioxides

A

Wine… used by Homer

kind of distasteful and toxic, but good in small amounts

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22
Q

potassium sorbate/sodium benzoate

A

perserves acidic foods from molds
cheese and soda
not metabolized well, but not dangerous… build up

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23
Q

Sodium nitrate and nitrite

A

Slim jims

can become carcinogen if eaten too much… liver cancer

24
Q

alcohols

A

kill bacteria (bacteriacidal)
denature proteins in large enough concs
requires water for activity!

25
advantages of alcohol
cheap | leaves no residue... good for surfaces
26
disadvantages of alcohol
skin drying | doesn't kill spores and non-enveloped viruses (colds... flu IS enveloped)
27
overuse of ethanol in hospitals
killed everything but. C. difficile... spike in it since it ad less competetion and had better chance of transmission
28
concentrations of alcohol that don't work at any exposure time
100%... need water! | 40% (what we drink)
29
2 things to consider with effectivness of alcohol
concentration | exposure time
30
why do we need water with alcohol
water breaks hydrogen bonds
31
best alcohol conc
65-70%
32
Halogens
``` bacteriacidal Chlorine Bleach Iodine (fluoridation of water) ```
33
Iodine tincture
mix iodine with alcohol and 10% water to make iodine more soluble... its pretty insoluble by itself iodine not toxic to human tissue iodine can be used to sterilize water skin and wound antiseptic
34
Chlorine
most effective... but damaging to host | gas react with water to make hypoclorous acid... strong oxidizer
35
Bleach
destroys tissue | 10% bleach is great surface disinfectant
36
Heavy Metals
KILL bacteria combine with sulfylhydril groups in protiens... denaturation silver, copper, mercury, zinc... oldest...water and why we thrown coins into fountains
37
Silver nitrate sollution
put in babies eyes to prevent gonorrhoea which causes blindness
38
copper and mercury chloride
less used bc toxinc to humans
39
Aldehydes
kill bacteria... and ppl covalently link to proteins and destroy function formaldehyde formalin Glutraldehyde
40
formaldehyde
crosslink with proteins preserve appearance... changes composition... toxic good for bio spills... sterlization... destroys bio things that we don't want... vat of flu
41
formalin
great disinfectant | sample preservation
42
Glutraldehyde
sterilize medical instruments
43
mixture of Glutraldehyde and formaldehyde
prep cells for microscopy
44
chemiical sterlization
kill everything in the room closed chamber ethlene oxide chlorine dioxide formalin gas vaporous hydrogen peroxide
45
ethlene oxide
react with side groups of bioc chems has a VERY reactive oxygen that does this oxidizes pretty much anything sterlizer... kills everything fumigant (termites)
46
chlorine dioxide
drinking water
47
most to least resistant microbes
``` Prions Endospores of Bacteria Mycobacteria Cysts of Protozoa Vegetative Protozoa Gram-neg Bacteria Fungi (most fungal spores too) Viruses w/o envelopes Gram Positive Bacteria Viruses w/ lipid envelopes ```
48
another way to kill bacteria
mutations
49
mutations
permanent change in primary sequence of DNA change in one strand... eventually subsequent replication leads to a base change matter in the CODING sequence!!!!!
50
nonsense mutations
early stop codon | often lethal
51
missence mutations
change in coding sequence... different amino acid sometimes lethal sometimes has phenotype
52
frame shift mutation
add or remove 1-2 nucleotides shift how codons are read change sequence of protein may mean stop codon not read as stop codon... more amino acids added than there should be
53
where do mutations matter (what sequence)
the CODING sequence you can get away with mutations in the non-coding sequence
54
How mutations happen
polymerase mistakes UV light Mutagenic Agents
55
polymerase mistakes
has proofreading capability... but still makes mistakes | 1:10,000 base pairs
56
UV Light
Thymine dimers T-T can pair with G... single base pair deletion... change in sequence (replace with single cytosine) frame shift and/or missence
57
Mutagenic Agents
chemical agents tht react with DNA and cause improper base pairing

Micro Exam 2 (8 decks)

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