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Micro Exam 2 > 1: Bacterial Metabolism > Flashcards

1: Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Francisella tularensis

A

gram neg coccusbaccilus (between round and rod)
Bioterrorism
Tularemia: lung infection leads to septicemia and lymph node swelling
not usually deadly
carried by rabbits and small rodents
easily areosolized… like by lawn mowed rabbit

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2
Q

Hittite Plauge

A 
earliest bioweapon attack 
14th cent
Francisella tularensis
a lady walked a sick ram by the other soliders for days and then they got sick 
they retreated, they didn't die
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3
Q

Francisella tularensis as a bioweapon

A 
"rabbit fever"
easy to aerosolize
very infectious... only 10-15 bacteria needed to infect
non-persistend, easy to decontaminate
highly incapacitating
low lethality
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4
Q

Types of work within cell

A

Chemical work: make and break bonds
Transport work: move molecs against gradients
Mechanical work: movement of organism/structures in cell

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5
Q

activation energy

A

amount of nrg we have to put into system to get it over the hump
nrg required to overcome instability of rxn intermediate/the transition state (unstable halfway point)

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6
Q

enzymes

A

lower activation nrg
by stabilizing intermediate
this incs rate of transition from A and B to A+B

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7
Q

what drives chemcial reactions?

A

ENTROPY

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8
Q

enzymes help…

A

reaction happen more stablely and more quickly

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9
Q

where does the energy come from if we have no enzymes?

A

HEAT

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10
Q

substrate

A

the thing the enzyme is going to change

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11
Q

active site

A

where the chemistry of enzyme and substrate interaction happens

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12
Q

parameters for enzymes

A

pH

temperature

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13
Q

temp body/bacteria in body enzymes work best at

A

37 degrees

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14
Q

pH body/bacteria in body enzymes work best at

A

7

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15
Q

at temps that are higher

A

enzymes have decreased activity

because of denaturation

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16
Q

at temps that are low

A

enzymes don’t work as well bc of lack of heat energy

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17
Q

too acidic

A

too many protons… they get in the way, interact with stuff they shouldn’t

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18
Q

too basic

A

potons may leave the thing they’re supposed to be with

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19
Q

but ultimately, bacterial pH and temperature requirements depend on….

A

the environment they live it

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20
Q

substrate concentration

A

inc conc, inc enzymatic rate (up till saturation)

substrate ineraction happens randomly

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21
Q

cofactor

A

non-protein
associated with enzymeatic activity

metal ions (iron, copper, magnesium, zinc)

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22
Q

holoenzyme

A

apopenzyme and cofactor together… has activity

components don’t have activity on their own

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23
Q

apopenzyme

A

protein part of enzyme

24
Q

sterility of stomach

A

bc the pH is so low

25
coenzyme
``` subset of cofactor ORGANIC molecules NAD often derived from vitamins used repeatedly ```
26
proenzyme
innactive form of enzyme must be modified before it is active this happens pretty quickly
27
Enzyme Inhibition types
Competitive Non-competitive Uncompetitive how we kill bacteria
28
Competitive Inhibition
inhibitior binds to active site, competes with substrate | more inhibitor means enzyme is inactive bc susbstrate can't bind to it
29
Non-competitive Inhibition
bind somewhere other than active site cause conf change enzyme has different shape, substrate can't bind to active site
30
Uncompetitive Inhibition
inhibitor binds to the enzyme/substrate complez so that the substrate can't be released enzyme can't function bc product not made, can't bind to new substrates.
31
important inhibitors
Toxins (effector proteins) Antibiotics: Kanamycin inhibits bacterial ribosomes Antivirals Zidovudine: HIV antiviral inhibits reverse transcriptase Tamiflu: inhibits influenza enzyme for viron release
32
antivirals are usually
competitve or non-competiative
33
metabolism
catabolism and anabolism
34
catabolism
breaking down of compunds | releases more ATP
35
anabolism
synthesis
36
catabolism and anabolism...
BOTH release nrg | in the form of heat
37
glucose made of
6 carbons 6 oxygens 12 hydrogens
38
whats special about glucose?
super soluble in water
39
ATP and money
the "loose change" | but everyone can deal in it
40
NAD
$100 bill | how you take lots of money across state lines
41
what is ATP good for
storing nrg for a SHORT period of time
42
ATP phosphate bonds
transition from ATP to ADP: phosphate release VERY LOW activation nrg req... easy to break off that phosphate Making RNA... break off 2 phosphates the second one is more stable, so breaking the second one off releases more nrg high activation nrg
43
high activation nrg
stable
44
low activation nrg
unstable
45
is ATP stable or unstable
unstable easy to break good for short term storage
46
What is NADH
a coenzyme
47
REDOX
OIL RIG movement of electrons be able to identify what's reduced and what's oxidized... you got this
48
NADH
reduced electron carrier
49
NAD+
electron carrier... gets reduced
50
proton
a hydrogen atom without an electron | aka a hydrogen ion
51
the Role of NAD+
cofactor for lotssss of enzymes
52
NADH
reduced form of NAD+ has 2 extra electrons and one extra proton neutral (not pos charged) more stable than ATP
53
NADH is
the $100 bill carries electrons - to ETS if no oxygen, it must be recycled to NAD+... this is why we have fermentation
54
glycolysis
glucose to pyruvate uses a little ATP... gains a litle ATP fermentation recycles NADH to NAD+
55
oxidative phosphorylation
when oxygen present transfer electrons to slightly lower nrg states move protons from one side membrane to other
56
oxygen
final electron acceptor | takes electron to its lowest nrg state

Micro Exam 2 (8 decks)

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