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Micro Exam 2 > 1: Bacterial Metabolism > Flashcards

1: Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Francisella tularensis

A

gram neg coccusbaccilus (between round and rod)
Bioterrorism
Tularemia: lung infection leads to septicemia and lymph node swelling
not usually deadly
carried by rabbits and small rodents
easily areosolized… like by lawn mowed rabbit

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2
Q

Hittite Plauge

A 
earliest bioweapon attack 
14th cent
Francisella tularensis
a lady walked a sick ram by the other soliders for days and then they got sick 
they retreated, they didn't die
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3
Q

Francisella tularensis as a bioweapon

A 
"rabbit fever"
easy to aerosolize
very infectious... only 10-15 bacteria needed to infect
non-persistend, easy to decontaminate
highly incapacitating
low lethality
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4
Q

Types of work within cell

A

Chemical work: make and break bonds
Transport work: move molecs against gradients
Mechanical work: movement of organism/structures in cell

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5
Q

activation energy

A

amount of nrg we have to put into system to get it over the hump
nrg required to overcome instability of rxn intermediate/the transition state (unstable halfway point)

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6
Q

enzymes

A

lower activation nrg
by stabilizing intermediate
this incs rate of transition from A and B to A+B

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7
Q

what drives chemcial reactions?

A

ENTROPY

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8
Q

enzymes help…

A

reaction happen more stablely and more quickly

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9
Q

where does the energy come from if we have no enzymes?

A

HEAT

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10
Q

substrate

A

the thing the enzyme is going to change

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11
Q

active site

A

where the chemistry of enzyme and substrate interaction happens

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12
Q

parameters for enzymes

A

pH

temperature

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13
Q

temp body/bacteria in body enzymes work best at

A

37 degrees

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14
Q

pH body/bacteria in body enzymes work best at

A

7

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15
Q

at temps that are higher

A

enzymes have decreased activity

because of denaturation

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16
Q

at temps that are low

A

enzymes don’t work as well bc of lack of heat energy

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17
Q

too acidic

A

too many protons… they get in the way, interact with stuff they shouldn’t

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18
Q

too basic

A

potons may leave the thing they’re supposed to be with

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19
Q

but ultimately, bacterial pH and temperature requirements depend on….

A

the environment they live it

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20
Q

substrate concentration

A

inc conc, inc enzymatic rate (up till saturation)

substrate ineraction happens randomly

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21
Q

cofactor

A

non-protein
associated with enzymeatic activity

metal ions (iron, copper, magnesium, zinc)

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22
Q

holoenzyme

A

apopenzyme and cofactor together… has activity

components don’t have activity on their own

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23
Q

apopenzyme

A

protein part of enzyme

24
Q

sterility of stomach

A

bc the pH is so low

25
Q

coenzyme

A 
subset of cofactor
ORGANIC molecules
NAD
often derived from vitamins
used repeatedly
26
Q

proenzyme

A

innactive form of enzyme
must be modified before it is active
this happens pretty quickly

27
Q

Enzyme Inhibition types

A

Competitive
Non-competitive
Uncompetitive

how we kill bacteria

28
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

inhibitior binds to active site, competes with substrate

more inhibitor means enzyme is inactive bc susbstrate can’t bind to it

29
Q

Non-competitive Inhibition

A

bind somewhere other than active site
cause conf change
enzyme has different shape, substrate can’t bind to active site

30
Q

Uncompetitive Inhibition

A

inhibitor binds to the enzyme/substrate complez so that the substrate can’t be released

enzyme can’t function bc product not made, can’t bind to new substrates.

31
Q

important inhibitors

A

Toxins (effector proteins)
Antibiotics: Kanamycin inhibits bacterial ribosomes
Antivirals
Zidovudine: HIV antiviral inhibits reverse transcriptase
Tamiflu: inhibits influenza enzyme for viron release

32
Q

antivirals are usually

A

competitve or non-competiative

33
Q

metabolism

A

catabolism and anabolism

34
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down of compunds

releases more ATP

35
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis

36
Q

catabolism and anabolism…

A

BOTH release nrg

in the form of heat

37
Q

glucose made of

A

6 carbons
6 oxygens
12 hydrogens

38
Q

whats special about glucose?

A

super soluble in water

39
Q

ATP and money

A

the “loose change”

but everyone can deal in it

40
Q

NAD

A

$100 bill

how you take lots of money across state lines

41
Q

what is ATP good for

A

storing nrg for a SHORT period of time

42
Q

ATP phosphate bonds

A

transition from ATP to ADP: phosphate release
VERY LOW activation nrg req… easy to break off that phosphate

Making RNA… break off 2 phosphates
the second one is more stable, so breaking the second one off releases more nrg
high activation nrg

43
Q

high activation nrg

A

stable

44
Q

low activation nrg

A

unstable

45
Q

is ATP stable or unstable

A

unstable
easy to break
good for short term storage

46
Q

What is NADH

A

a coenzyme

47
Q

REDOX

A

OIL RIG
movement of electrons
be able to identify what’s reduced and what’s oxidized… you got this

48
Q

NADH

A

reduced electron carrier

49
Q

NAD+

A

electron carrier… gets reduced

50
Q

proton

A

a hydrogen atom without an electron

aka a hydrogen ion

51
Q

the Role of NAD+

A

cofactor for lotssss of enzymes

52
Q

NADH

A

reduced form of NAD+ has 2 extra electrons and one extra proton
neutral (not pos charged)
more stable than ATP

53
Q

NADH is

A

the $100 bill
carries electrons
- to ETS
if no oxygen, it must be recycled to NAD+… this is why we have fermentation

54
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose to pyruvate
uses a little ATP… gains a litle ATP
fermentation recycles NADH to NAD+

55
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

when oxygen present
transfer electrons to slightly lower nrg states
move protons from one side membrane to other

56
Q

oxygen

A

final electron acceptor

takes electron to its lowest nrg state

Micro Exam 2 (8 decks)

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