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Micro Exam 2 > 3: Microbial Growth II > Flashcards

3: Microbial Growth II Flashcards

1
Q

Haemophilus Inflenzae

A

DOES NOT cause flu
Does cause:
- pneumonia, bacteremia (bacteria reproduces in blood: TSS), meningitis, otitis media (not fatal)

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2
Q

Haemophilus Inflenzae vaccine

A

protects against type B (Hib)… most virulent

works against the strucutre of the capsule

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3
Q

John’s Hopkins sad story

A

head of the hospital made a vacciene… which didn’t work

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4
Q

what is the fridge temp

A

4C

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5
Q

Why 4C?

A

highest density of water at this temperature

we want to keep things cold but not freeze. So we want water to be dense… if freezing happens it only happens on top

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6
Q

Are there bacteria that can spoil food at 4C?

A

YES! But not a ton. and growth is slow

but mostly fungus

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7
Q

Freezers:

A

-20C and thawing over night

thawing lets growth happen for half an hour, then refreezes

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8
Q

Why do humans die when we freeze them?

A

ice crystals… cells burst

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9
Q

Pasteurizatin

A

go above 60C: denaturation and of breakdown lipid membranes.
Go from medium zone to denaturation then quickly back down

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10
Q

The colorful pool

A

Each color is a different ecosystem of bacteria at a different temperature

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11
Q

Thermoaquaticus

A

TAC (for PCR)

useful in labs

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12
Q

Ocean vents

A

at the mid-Atlantic ridge where plates are moving apart.
no light… nrg taken from high energy of electrons coming out of vent

likely earliest life on earth

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13
Q

2 miles under the ice

A

liquid water that is bellow 0C.

lots of bateria

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14
Q

The main point…

A

if there is water, there can be life!

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15
Q

life needs one thing above all else

A

LIQUID WATER

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16
Q

pH requirements… most life

A

between 6.5 and 7.5

in our bodies

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17
Q

Why use high and low pH?

A

for long term storage

Prevention (not elimination) of growth

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18
Q

What is most affacted by changes in temperature and pH?

DNA, RNA, or enzymes

A

enzymes! Think proteins
the amino acid sequence doesn’t change, just the organization

DNA and RNA are very stable

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19
Q

Can life survive in anhydrous places?

A

NO! theres no water, and life can’t function without water

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20
Q

making pickles and sauerkraut

A

using bacterial acid production to preserve food

products of fermentation

done before refridgeration was a thing

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21
Q

Acidophiles

A

some live at pH of 4
chemoautrotrophs live at pH of 1
mud pools: very acidic soil. also near copper mines

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22
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

use sulfer reduction to generate nrg

pH of 1

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23
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Salt to preserve food
inside cells salt conc: 1% or 1g/100ml
NaCl and KCl

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24
Q

plasmolyzed

A

when a cell is collapsed bc of lack of water inside (hypertonic solution)

25
Q

if a cell is in hypertonic solution

A

it is NOT dead, just static/inert

26
Q

what else can be used to make a hypertonic solution?

A

SUGAR

27
Q

Does a spoonful of sugar help the medicine go down?

A

NO! it prevents the antibiotic from getting into bacteria

28
Q

cheese

A

acids from bacteria make milk proteins curdle

addition of salt makes it resistant to microbial growth (does not inhibit fungal growth)

29
Q

why cheese flavors are different?

A

its about culturing different types of bacteria in milk

30
Q

creamy cheeses

A

due to fungus enzymes modifying proteins

31
Q

Chemical requirements of bacterial life

A 
Trace elements
organic compounds
carbon
Nitrogen, sulfer phosphorus
Oxygen
32
Q

Trace elements

A

minerals: Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn
iron: cytochromes in ETC… life evolved in solution w/ lots of irron and copper: not so much now.

We have to put lots of nrg into keeping them around.
iron conc in body low: inhibits survival of many bact.

Get trace minerals from SEA SALT

33
Q

Organic compounds

A

vitamins

we can’t produce them: have to consume them to survive

34
Q

oxygen:

A

is in water and disolveable in atmosphere

some don’t need it the same way we do

35
Q

Carbon

A

lots of different main types… some have genes to break down more tyepes than others…
USE THIS for pure cultures

36
Q

Cellulose vs. Starch

A

animals can’t break the bond of cellulse

- cows and termites have the right ecosystem to have beacteria that do. WE DO NOT

37
Q

How do humans break down starch then?

A

amylase in mouth

38
Q

Nitrogen

A

in the air… none of that is useable by humans
ability to break down nitrogen bond on earth in general is super rare
Needed by all life

39
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

bacteria in soil can deal with nitrogen: make gas useable

we have enzymes that can deal with some of the byproducts of oxidized or reduced nirgrogen.

40
Q

Vovox…

A

the babies live in the mother

only mother can fix nitrogen

41
Q

the secrete of dynamite

A

no oxygen required

mix high and low level nitrogen… BOOM

42
Q

Sulfer

A

some amino acids need it:
Cysteine and methionine
Needed by all life

43
Q

phosphorus

A

part of nucleic acid back boes
Needed in ATP
Needed by all life

44
Q

Arsenate Experiment

A

aresinic is similar to phosphorus… can it replace it?
We need at least 1% phosphorus… but 99% can be replaced
functionally DNA could pretty much still reproduce without it
can’t COMPLETELY replace it

45
Q

5 groups of oxygen

A 
Obligate Aerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Microaerophiles
46
Q

2 things to know about nitrogen

A

it is fixed by soil bacteria

nitrogen is required by all life

47
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

NO fermentation
REQUIRES oxygen to survive
can deal with ox radicals
grow on skin… all over body

48
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

uses oxygen to produce lts of nrg
CAN ferment. can survive w/o oxygen
can deal with ox radicals
us, lots of places of body… pretty much everywhere

49
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

ONLY grow in ABSENCE of oxygen… bc of radicals
cannot deal with ox radicals
grow in gut

50
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

doesn’t care about oxygen. DOESN’T use it, CAN live with it
CAN deal with oxygen radicals
grow all over body

51
Q

Microaerophiles

A

requires LOW concs of oxygen
grows in lungs
CANNOT deal with radicals
grow in lungs, vaginal cavity, carries (cavities)

52
Q

compare facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant

A

FA:
Aerotolerant:

53
Q

PLEASE look at table on slide 24

A

PLEASE look at table on slide 24

54
Q

how do we culture bacteria … Pure culture

A

create situation where only the requirements of the organism of interest are met

55
Q

non-selective media

A

undifined in character… lots grow but not all
rich: BHI, LB
blood agar, chocolate agar

56
Q

selective media

A

only a few can grow

MAC with bile salts and selects for enteric bacteria (e. coli)

57
Q

Broths

A

liquid media

58
Q

Plates

A

semi-solid liquid

Micro Exam 2 (8 decks)

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