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Micro Exam 2 > 2: Microbial Growth > Flashcards

2: Microbial Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Burkholderia mellei

A

Glanders in Horses
WWI: first use of bioterrorism with this in the US
spread it among horses

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2
Q

Chlamydia

A 
Most common (reported) STI in US
asymptomatic: 25% of men and 70% women don't know they have it
causes infertility in women 
CANNOT live outside human host
metabolically inert like spore
not a virus bc it has ribosomes
small
obligate and infects mucosal tissues (including eyes)
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3
Q

Chlamydia symptoms

A

Buring sensation during urination
painful intercourse
rectal pain/discharge
discharge (clear)

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4
Q

Chlamydia Elementary Bodies

A

small
stick to human sperm to transit M to F
small infectious particle found in secretions

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5
Q

reticulate bodies (Chlamydia)

A

intracellular form
as soon as they get inside host cell
divide, some become new elementary bodies
once cell fills up with reticulate bodies, the cell will burst, release elementary bodies… repeat

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6
Q

how many days after you get it can you give it?

A

1-2 days

super quick

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7
Q

overview of Chlamydia lifecycle

A

EB transform to RB, RB multiply in cell

some RBs go back to EBs, host cell bursts, EBs released and infect more cells

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8
Q

Magic Johnson effect

A

he got HIV, people started being safer

He stayed well, people think its cured, unsafe sex again

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9
Q

what do we regernated if we do glycolysis and there’s no oxygen?

A

NAD+
so we can add another e- to it
put the e- on pyruvate?

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10
Q

What move electrons TO the ETS?

A

NADH

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11
Q

What makes ATP?

A

ATP synthase

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12
Q

Respiration

A

Use oxygen as FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

some cells use SH2 as final electron acceptor

turns 6 carbon sugar into 6 CO2, H2O, 36ATP

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13
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

sometimes SH2

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14
Q

what does oxygen do?

A

pulls electrons off of things to take them to a lower nrg state

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15
Q

Fermentation

A

varied electron acceptors
takes 6 carbon sugar and makes into 2 or 3 carbon organic acid or alcohol
Electron Acceptor Examples:
- acetic acid (vinegar)
- ethanol
- lactic acid
PRODUCES about 1/10th the nrg as respiration

we use aerobic activities to change our food

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16
Q

when do we need to regenerate NAD+

A

if we have no oxygen after glycolysis

CONVERT TO NAHD

we NEED NAD+ for glycolysis

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17
Q

what does glucose go to first?

A

pyruvate

1 6 carbon to 2 3 carbons

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18
Q

nrg state…

A

decreases as we go through the process

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19
Q

phosphorylation of glucose… why? (2 reasons)

A

add a phosphate from ATP…

1) DESTABALIZE , so its easier to break off carbons
2) charge glucose so it Can’t leave the cell

20
Q

what happens when we remove the phosphates from glucose?

A

make pyruvic aicd
make ATP or
produce NADHs

21
Q

the big picture of changing glucose…

A

lots of enzymes are doing things to glucose in small steps

we release nrg and transfer electrons to either make more ATP or to make NADHs

22
Q

if we have oxygen after glycolysis

A

deal with NADH

feed into Krebs cycle

23
Q

what does the Krebs cycle make

A

NADH
ATP
FADH2

24
Q

Excess NADH…

A

INHIBITS enzyme activity

too much product

25
Q

what carriers electrons to the ETS? NADH or NAD+

A

NADH

26
Q

the ETS… what do the enzymes do with the nrg that we get when we take off the electrons

A

pump protons across the membrane

27
Q

what is a proton?

A

a hydrogen molec without an electron

28
Q

what do cytochromes require?

A

oxygen

29
Q

iron

A

life evolved with lots of iron before oxygen
evolved to use enzymes with iron in them when we got oxygen
now its harder to have enough iron to deal with the oxygen

i dont understand this, he talked about it on slide 17

30
Q

how do we measure differences in proton concentration?

A

pH

31
Q

at every step… what happens to the protons

A

they are pumped outside the cell

proton gradient created

32
Q

ATP synthase

A

the proton motive force

uses difference of proton concentration inside and outside to convert ADP to ATP

33
Q

what does ATP synthase do

A

equalizes… lets protons come back into cell

34
Q

how ATP synthase works

A

converts gradient nrg to mechanical nrg… it spins
gradient nrg leads to changes in the F1 state (the rotating part)
due to movement of protons back across membrane

gradient nrg-> mechanical nrg 1-> mechanical nrg 2

35
Q

2 states of the F1 component

A

Straight State

Diagonal

36
Q

Straight State

A

accepts ADP

37
Q

Diagonal State State

A

releases ATP

38
Q

transition form straight to diagonal

A

addition of phosphate to ADP

due to rocking of the F1 state

39
Q

who’s cells are more efficient in making nrg?

A

bacteria

40
Q

what else can be metabolized?

A

Proteins, lipids
depends on your ATP levels
low ATP: proteins and lipid breakdown
high ATP: synthesis

41
Q

Anabolism

A

synth of new molecules
feed of carbohydrate catabolism

lots of enzymes… maintain homeostasis

42
Q

Photosynthesis

A

take chlorophyll and make light nrg
put light nrg into high nrg electrons
send the electrons to the ETS
make glucose

43
Q

How do we grow bacteria in a pure culture

A

have to create an environment where olny the bacteria you want can grow
figure out its requirements and exclude all others

44
Q

why grow in a pure culture?

A

to study the organism in absence of everything else

45
Q

Can we grow all bacteria in pure culture?

A

Nope! Not even a little bit!

46
Q

what kind of bacteria usually affect humans (only one we’ll talk about temp wise)

A

mesophiles

human body temp range is 30-40 degrees

47
Q

what is most food spoilage due to (in the fridge)?

A

fungi

but some bacteria can live in the fridge too… so they can cause issues too for refrigerated too

Micro Exam 2 (8 decks)

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