6 - global governance of the earth’s oceans ✅ Flashcards
what is global governance (2)
refers to the ‘steering’ mechanisms rather than enforcing direct control via the rule of law
concept used to direct human activity at an international level but can be tough to enforce
how do national governments differ from global governance in regulation, decision making and primary goals
NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS:
regulation: rule of law
decision making: centralised
primary goals: economic growth and national and resource security
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE:
regulation: agreements and co-operations
decision making: multilateral
primary goals: global prosperity and sustainability, world peace
what is UNCLOS (3)
- the UN Convention on the Law of the SEA
- international laws and agreements regulate the use of the world’s oceans with aim of promoting sustainable development and geopolitical stability
- most important are the UNCLOS and EEZs
what are EEZs
- exclusive economic zones
- the UNCLOS established EEZ which are the areas of water extending 200 nautical miles from a state’s shoreline
what do EEZs do (2)
- gives the nation legal ownership of nearby oceans
- the right to exploit and develop, manage and conserve all biotic (fish) and abiotic (oil, gas and minerals) resources found in the water or ocean floor of the EEZ
what are examples of sustainability agreements
UN agreements:
- Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
- Convention on International trade in endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
what are oil chokepoints
defined by US energy information administration as:
‘narrow channels along widely used global sea routes, some so narrow that restrictions are placed on the size of the vessel that can navigate through them. checkpoints are a critical part of global energy security because of the high volume of petroleum and other liquids being transported through their narrow straits.’
where are the piracy hotspots (3)
- piracy peaked off the east coast of Africa in 2011 due to poverty and civil unrest in Somalia
- 736 hostages and 32 ships were being held at one point during the piracy peak of 2011
- this cost the industry $10bn
what was the importance of the British Empire
the UK was the world’s greatest naval power.
By 1920 Britain ruled 20% of the world’s population and 25% of its land area.
how powerful was the Royal Navy
The Royal Navy dominated the world’s oceans protecting the colonies and trade routes between them and Britain
what were the 2 phases of the Empire
Pre 1850 – small colonies were conquered on coastal fringes and islands e.g. New England and Bombay are defended with coastal forts. Raw materials were protected and the trading interests of the private companies such as the East India Company were safeguarded.
1850-1945 – coastal colonies extended inland, with the conquest of vast areas of land. British colonial administrators were set up to rule the population. Complex patterns of global trade developed.
what is a global superpower
A global superpower is a very powerful and influential nation
The USA and former Soviet Union dominated the C20th and more recently China and the USA are the worlds only superpowers.
how can global superpowers manipulate their power
The control of the world’s oceans is valued by superpowers as a way of controlling and safeguarding their spheres of influence
what is the impact of the British Empire (4) **
- the connections formed during it’s time as marine superpower have remained.
- global network of ex-British territories have formed the Commonwealth of Nations.
- Many UK cities have a maritime heritage such as Bristol, London and Liverpool and they remain culturally diverse.
- The passage of the HMS Windrush with 417 economic migrants from Jamaica to London in 1948
