1 - globalisation, migration and a shrinking world ✅ Flashcards
what is globalisation defined as
‘globalisation describes the increased mobility of goods, services, labour, technology and capital, as well as cultural and political systems across geographical boundaries
what are examples of economic globalisation
- global governance institutions such as world bank and IMF work to harmonise global economy
- growth of multinational corporations accelerates cross-border exchanges of raw materials, components and trade
- growth of trade blocs (EU, NAFTA) allowing MNCs to merge, reducing tariffs so increasing access to markets
examples of social globalisation
- international migration has created family networks across national borders
- social interconnectivity has improved with technology eg smartphones and deep sea fibre optic cables
- circulation of ideas and information has accelerated via social media
examples of cultural globalisation
- successful western cultural traits come to dominate in some areas eg americanisation of cultural norms (negative point)
how does modern globalisation differ
LENGTHENED - products shipped greater distances than in the past and migrants and tourists travel further than ever before
DEEPENED - more parts of everyday life have been connected, eg food and miles
SPED UP - international migrants can move quickly between continents and can communicate with home in real time using modern technology
what is glocalisation
the concurrent processes of globalisation and localisation
OR
an attempt by TNCs to become accepted as a ‘local citizen’ within a trade bloc whilst transferring as little control as possible to its strategic activities
- can be economic or political decision
- glocalisation has been cited by anti-globalisation movement as further evidence of manipulative approach of TNCs
is globalisation increasing
- UK/USA political events suggest people are turning their backs on globalisation
- migration and trade agreements were key issues influencing the vote and the victorious side campaigned to reintroduce barriers to migration and free trade
causes of globalisation
- falling transport costs (less money and time to transport goods over long distances)
- falling trade barriers (eg free trade)
- falling communication costs
- government policies to attract foreign direct investment (FDI)
- actions of MNCs
what factors are involved with globalisation
- flows of capital (are cheap, reliable, instantaneous, widespread and continuous)
- flows of labour (enabled by development of cheaper and more efficient transportation)
- flows of products (enabled by the development of cheaper and more efficient transportation eg increased aircraft size, high speed rail links, low cost airlines)
- flows of services (offshore outsourcing)
- global marketing (international marketing strategies, development of glocalisation)
what are examples of glocalisation
MCDONALDS - scotland, irn bru served in restaurants
REVLON - american model replaced by asian model when sales dropped in asia
YAHOO - locals hired to sift through content in each of its national sites
what is the link between food and trade and globalisation
- food trading can help countries develop
- GDP from African countries comes from agriculture
- trade in food linked with cultural change, foods imported in UK that weren’t in the past
what is the link between money and development and globalisation
- investment important for development, China’s investment in Africa
- development in China since 2000 from products made and shipped to west by MNCs
- wealth improvement = education improvement
what is the link between migrants and globalisation
- migrants send remittances home, $10bn leaving USA for Mexico every year
- migrants also bring cultural changes but Americanisation of traditional societies can be bad
what is the link between ideas and culture and globalisation
- migrants bring ideas with them or return to donor country with new ones
- led to spread and mixing of ideas exploited by MNCs via glocalisation
what were patterns of migration in the 1970-80s
- international migration was directed from global economic periphery and towards core of developed west
- the core benefitted from skilled workers and plentiful supply of labour, LICs severed from brain drain
what is the key pull factor of migration
the economic opportunities a region provides
what are the patterns of migration in modern day
- migration follows a distance decay model where the number of migrants decreases with distance from the source country
- large volumes of migrants operate between inter-regional centres, most migration in sub-saharan africa is directed to other sub-saharan nations
what is the effect of distances on modern day society
- long distances dont act as an intervening obstacle
- economist Janelle coined the phrase time-space compression to describe the shrinking world
what is the impact of mobile phones as a key driver of global migration
- lack of communication used to be big obstacle to international migration as people dont know benefits of other places
- ability to communicate also decrease isolation feelings from loved ones
what is the impact of air travel as a key driver of global migration
- air travel is cheaper, so people can move between regions
- resulted in international migration no longer being a permanent decision
what is the impact of the internet as a key driver of global migration
- access via laptops and smart phones made it easier for potential migrants to find out about potential opportunities other countries offer
- migration becomes easier when people can maintain long distance social relationships easier
