1 - globalisation, migration and a shrinking world ✅

Question 1

what is globalisation defined as

Answer 1

‘globalisation describes the increased mobility of goods, services, labour, technology and capital, as well as cultural and political systems across geographical boundaries

Question 2

what are examples of economic globalisation

Answer 2

• global governance institutions such as world bank and IMF work to harmonise global economy
• growth of multinational corporations accelerates cross-border exchanges of raw materials, components and trade
• growth of trade blocs (EU, NAFTA) allowing MNCs to merge, reducing tariffs so increasing access to markets

Question 3

examples of social globalisation

Answer 3

• international migration has created family networks across national borders
• social interconnectivity has improved with technology eg smartphones and deep sea fibre optic cables
• circulation of ideas and information has accelerated via social media

Question 4

examples of cultural globalisation

Answer 4

• successful western cultural traits come to dominate in some areas eg americanisation of cultural norms (negative point)

Question 5

how does modern globalisation differ

Answer 5

LENGTHENED - products shipped greater distances than in the past and migrants and tourists travel further than ever before
DEEPENED - more parts of everyday life have been connected, eg food and miles
SPED UP - international migrants can move quickly between continents and can communicate with home in real time using modern technology

Question 6

what is glocalisation

Answer 6

the concurrent processes of globalisation and localisation
OR
an attempt by TNCs to become accepted as a ‘local citizen’ within a trade bloc whilst transferring as little control as possible to its strategic activities

• can be economic or political decision
• glocalisation has been cited by anti-globalisation movement as further evidence of manipulative approach of TNCs

Question 7

is globalisation increasing

Answer 7

• UK/USA political events suggest people are turning their backs on globalisation
• migration and trade agreements were key issues influencing the vote and the victorious side campaigned to reintroduce barriers to migration and free trade

Question 8

causes of globalisation

Answer 8

• falling transport costs (less money and time to transport goods over long distances)
• falling trade barriers (eg free trade)
• falling communication costs
• government policies to attract foreign direct investment (FDI)
• actions of MNCs

Question 9

what factors are involved with globalisation

Answer 9

• flows of capital (are cheap, reliable, instantaneous, widespread and continuous)
• flows of labour (enabled by development of cheaper and more efficient transportation)
• flows of products (enabled by the development of cheaper and more efficient transportation eg increased aircraft size, high speed rail links, low cost airlines)
• flows of services (offshore outsourcing)
• global marketing (international marketing strategies, development of glocalisation)

Question 10

what are examples of glocalisation

Answer 10

MCDONALDS - scotland, irn bru served in restaurants
REVLON - american model replaced by asian model when sales dropped in asia
YAHOO - locals hired to sift through content in each of its national sites

Question 11

what is the link between food and trade and globalisation

Answer 11

• food trading can help countries develop
• GDP from African countries comes from agriculture
• trade in food linked with cultural change, foods imported in UK that weren’t in the past

Question 12

what is the link between money and development and globalisation

Answer 12

• investment important for development, China’s investment in Africa
• development in China since 2000 from products made and shipped to west by MNCs
• wealth improvement = education improvement

Question 13

what is the link between migrants and globalisation

Answer 13

• migrants send remittances home, $10bn leaving USA for Mexico every year
• migrants also bring cultural changes but Americanisation of traditional societies can be bad

Question 14

what is the link between ideas and culture and globalisation

Answer 14

• migrants bring ideas with them or return to donor country with new ones
• led to spread and mixing of ideas exploited by MNCs via glocalisation

Question 15

what were patterns of migration in the 1970-80s

Answer 15

• international migration was directed from global economic periphery and towards core of developed west
• the core benefitted from skilled workers and plentiful supply of labour, LICs severed from brain drain

Question 16

what is the key pull factor of migration

Answer 16

the economic opportunities a region provides

Question 17

what are the patterns of migration in modern day

Answer 17

• migration follows a distance decay model where the number of migrants decreases with distance from the source country
• large volumes of migrants operate between inter-regional centres, most migration in sub-saharan africa is directed to other sub-saharan nations

Question 18

what is the effect of distances on modern day society

Answer 18

• long distances dont act as an intervening obstacle
• economist Janelle coined the phrase time-space compression to describe the shrinking world

Question 19

what is the impact of mobile phones as a key driver of global migration

Answer 19

• lack of communication used to be big obstacle to international migration as people dont know benefits of other places
• ability to communicate also decrease isolation feelings from loved ones

Question 20

what is the impact of air travel as a key driver of global migration

Answer 20

• air travel is cheaper, so people can move between regions
• resulted in international migration no longer being a permanent decision

Question 21

what is the impact of the internet as a key driver of global migration

Answer 21

• access via laptops and smart phones made it easier for potential migrants to find out about potential opportunities other countries offer
• migration becomes easier when people can maintain long distance social relationships easier