2 - causes of international migration ✅ Flashcards
what are the three economic divisions in the world
GLOBAL PERIPHERY - 30 nations with agriculture forming dominant sector in economy. world bank classifies this as having GNI of $1050 or lower
SEMI-PERIPHERY - 80 nations currently experiencing higher rates of economic growth due to industrialisation
GLOBAL CORE - 80 nations classified by the World Bank as having a GNI of $12000 or above. office and retail are dominant sector creating post-industrial economy
how is poverty a cause of migration
- extreme poverty creates push factors, people unable to meet basic needs
- leads to emigration, usually to neighbouring countries
- movements from emerging economies due to a difference in relative wealth
EG// 800,000 migrants from zimbabwe to south africa and 1m polish migrants moved from poland to uk from 2004-14
how are primary commodity prices a cause of migration
- inconsistent prices of primary commodities eg cash crops and timber make development goals hard to achieve
- creates positive feedback loop = deepening push factors and outward migration
- some resources can cause conflicts
EG// when DRC gained independence the country had only 16 citizens with degrees = TNCs took advantage of their resources due to lack of expertise and recognition of their real market value. eg diamonds in sierra leone
how does poor access to markets create migration
- trade blocks have excluded many countries from access to the worlds wealthiest markets
- the WTO aims to increase free trade and remove unfair tariffs
EG// EU protects EU farmers through import tariffs on food from the global periphery which is produced and sold cheaper. Kenyan farmers often get a poor price for the flowers they export to the EU
what is diaspora
DIASPORA is the widespread dispersal of a particular countries migrant population and their descendants
makes sense to migrate to a country with an already established migrant/diaspora community
explain the chinese diaspora
- neighbouring countries of Indonesia and Malaysia as well as UK, USA and France have significant Chinese populations and clearly defined Chinatown districts
describe the post colonial movements in the UK
- between 1950-70s the UK received migrants from several commonwealth nations filling specific labour force gaps
- interviews for london bus drivers were held in Kingston, Jamaica
- demand for workers in heavy/light manufacturing in Midlands and Yorkshire was high
- skilled workers have needed to plug gaps in the tertiary/quaternary sector eg NHS
what rules permit free movement of labour
- free movement across EU granted by the Schengen agreement in 1995
- migration from south and east was directed towards core north western cities eg London, Frankfurt, Paris, Brussels
- South America has the Mercosur Residency Agreement and 2 million people from Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela have obtained temporary residence permits in another country with option of converting to full residency after 2 years
how do hard and soft powers differ
UK and colonial powers were ‘hard powers’ that installed direct rule. So a diffusion of European languages and culture spread across the ‘new world’
Contrasting, USA has dominated world affairs since 1945 and can be called a ‘smart power’ mixing the hard powers of military action, economic sanctions and trade policies with soft powers of cultural influence, international decision making and ethical authority
China is the worlds second largest economy but lacks soft powers to rival USA
what are examples of regional superpowers
S. AFRICA (power due to strength of economy vs neighbouring nations and some cultural global reach via sport, World cup)
INDIA (emerging global power because of population size, strong economy, MNC, soft powers from bollywood, music)
NIGERIA (power due to oil wealth, lagos economic hub and Nollywood)
RUSSIA (military superpower, strong influences over Eastern Europe and Central Asia)
how is qatar a regional superpower
- highest global GDP of $100,000 due to oil and gas wealth
- 14% of all known gas reserves
- Doha gained power, where international conferences and sporting events are held
- Al Jazeera media has global importance, important soft power
