5 - causes, consequences and management of rural-urban migration in developing countries ✅ Flashcards
what are the causes of rural to urban migration
- mechanised agriculture
- MNCs
- new technologies
- transport
how is mechanised agriculture a push factor
- poverty has increased due to a decrease in the need for rural labourers
- in sub-saharan africa over 60% of the entire workforce are involved in agriculture
how are MNCs a push factor
- cash crops and agribusiness further modernise agriculture reducing the need for labour
- monsanto in kenya
how are new technologies a push factor
- provide greater knowledge of outside world via internet, TV, and the media in remote and impoverished rural areas
- knowledge is shared via social media with successful migrants encouraging even more migration
- a masai warrior in kenya now has better connectivity than the US president did in the 1990s
how is transport a push factor
- removed intervening barriers eg distance and relief
- trans-amazon highway
what are the push factors (6)
- population growth (not enough land to support people = over farming and low yields)
- wars and civil strife
- natural disasters
- cash crops (land used to grow food for locals now used to make money)
- health (local diseases and inadequate medical provision)
- agricultural problems (due to desertification, subdivision of land into smaller plots)
what are pull factors of rural urban migration (4)
- de-industrialisation in the west and globalisation
- MNCs
- informal sector
- draw of the bright lights
how is de-industrialisation in the west a pull factor
- global shift of employment to asia, south america and increasingly africa has created vast job opportunities in mega cities
- 1990-2000, 300m people left rural china to find work in the industrial cities in the south and east
how are MNCs a pull factor
- moving of the factories of MNCs to low wage locations
- Foxcon manufacture Apple products in Shenzhen, China
how is the informal sector a pull factor (3)
- many new arrivals are able to gain employment in the unregulated informal sector such as waste recycling
- in mumbai, 80% of plastics are recycled in the slum Dharavi employing over 30,000 people
- low income district has 15,000 one room factories resulting in an employment rate of 85%
how do the bright lights drawing people act as pull factor (2)
- young adults are attracted to the excitement, opportunities and services of mega cities which attracted much of the nations wealth/investment
- lagos in nigeria attracts 86 rural to urban migrants every hour
what are export processing zones
- China, India and Indonesia all have special economic zones (SEZs)
- export processing takes place which attracts MNC investment through low tax rates, removal of tariffs and export duties
- in 1965 India opened the first SEZ and now theres 200 in India alone
- SEZs were crucial in Chinas early economic growth
what are the two key factors affecting the rate of urbanisation in any area
1) NATURAL INCREASE (birth-death rate)
2) MIGRATION (push/pull factors)
what are the 5 countries with the highest natural increase
(natural increase per 1000 inhabitants)
- NIGER - 36.4
- TIMOR-LESTE - 31.6
- UGANDA - 31.4
- BURKINA FASO 28.6
- TANZANIA - 27.4
what are push and pull factors
PUSH - negative factor making people wanting to leave the countryside
PULL - positive factor making people want to move to the city