5 - causes, consequences and management of rural-urban migration in developing countries ✅ Flashcards
what are the causes of rural to urban migration
- mechanised agriculture
- MNCs
- new technologies
- transport
how is mechanised agriculture a push factor
- poverty has increased due to a decrease in the need for rural labourers
- in sub-saharan africa over 60% of the entire workforce are involved in agriculture
how are MNCs a push factor
- cash crops and agribusiness further modernise agriculture reducing the need for labour
- monsanto in kenya
how are new technologies a push factor
- provide greater knowledge of outside world via internet, TV, and the media in remote and impoverished rural areas
- knowledge is shared via social media with successful migrants encouraging even more migration
- a masai warrior in kenya now has better connectivity than the US president did in the 1990s
how is transport a push factor
- removed intervening barriers eg distance and relief
- trans-amazon highway
what are the push factors (6)
- population growth (not enough land to support people = over farming and low yields)
- wars and civil strife
- natural disasters
- cash crops (land used to grow food for locals now used to make money)
- health (local diseases and inadequate medical provision)
- agricultural problems (due to desertification, subdivision of land into smaller plots)
what are pull factors of rural urban migration (4)
- de-industrialisation in the west and globalisation
- MNCs
- informal sector
- draw of the bright lights
how is de-industrialisation in the west a pull factor
- global shift of employment to asia, south america and increasingly africa has created vast job opportunities in mega cities
- 1990-2000, 300m people left rural china to find work in the industrial cities in the south and east
how are MNCs a pull factor
- moving of the factories of MNCs to low wage locations
- Foxcon manufacture Apple products in Shenzhen, China
how is the informal sector a pull factor (3)
- many new arrivals are able to gain employment in the unregulated informal sector such as waste recycling
- in mumbai, 80% of plastics are recycled in the slum Dharavi employing over 30,000 people
- low income district has 15,000 one room factories resulting in an employment rate of 85%
how do the bright lights drawing people act as pull factor (2)
- young adults are attracted to the excitement, opportunities and services of mega cities which attracted much of the nations wealth/investment
- lagos in nigeria attracts 86 rural to urban migrants every hour
what are export processing zones
- China, India and Indonesia all have special economic zones (SEZs)
- export processing takes place which attracts MNC investment through low tax rates, removal of tariffs and export duties
- in 1965 India opened the first SEZ and now theres 200 in India alone
- SEZs were crucial in Chinas early economic growth
what are the two key factors affecting the rate of urbanisation in any area
1) NATURAL INCREASE (birth-death rate)
2) MIGRATION (push/pull factors)
what are the 5 countries with the highest natural increase
(natural increase per 1000 inhabitants)
- NIGER - 36.4
- TIMOR-LESTE - 31.6
- UGANDA - 31.4
- BURKINA FASO 28.6
- TANZANIA - 27.4
what are push and pull factors
PUSH - negative factor making people wanting to leave the countryside
PULL - positive factor making people want to move to the city
what are push factors of urbanisation
- farming is hard work and poorly paid
- desertification and soil erosion
- drought and climatic hazards
- farming is often subsistence only
- poor harvests = malnutrition
- few doctors, schools, hospitals, services
- poor job prospects
what are pull factors of urbanisation (7)
- more well-paid jobs
- higher standards of living
- friends and family already live there
- better chance of an education
- public transport is better
- better medical facilities
- better water, electricity and infrastructure
(4)what are rural problems
- ageing population structure
- india has over 100m elderly dependents and 70% live in rural areas due to youthful outward migration decreasing provision and care traditionally given to younger family members
- falling agriculture provision
- a significant problem for china as 300m young migrants have moved to south and eastern industrial cities
what is ruralisation
the investment in the rural community to create modern and self-sufficient vilages
what is the aim of ruralisation
to reduce emigration of young adults as opportunities improve along with education, sanitation and electricity availability
solar power has been instrumental in many rural tropical LICs
what is Kenya’s M-Pesa mobile service and what is the aim of the project
- launched in 2007 by Safaricom (part of vodafone)
- currently used by over 8m subscribers
- SMS-based system that enables users to deposit, send and withdraw funds using their phone without the need of a bank account
- revolutionised life for the rural community by improving rural business opportunities
what are examples of mega cities
Tokyo is the leading mega city with a population of 37 million
second is New Delhi with 23 million and third is New York with 20 million
how have mega cities changed from 1960 to 2011
in 1960 New York was leading with 14.2 million yet in 2011 Tokyo was the leading mega city with a population of 37 million
second in 1960 was London with 10.7 million but now this is New Delhi with 23 million and third is New York with 20 million yet this used to be Tokyo with 10.7 also
where is urbanisation greatest
in the NORTHERN hemisphere and in developed nations (UK has urban population of 80-100%)
developing nations have a lower level of urbanisation - Africa and Asia have urban populations between 0-19.9%
what event caused rapid urbanisation in developed nations
the industrial revolution caused urbanisation continuing to the 1970s and in most Western Nations
what can be an alternative housing development that originates from growing cities
- new growth occurs at the fringes of city where informal shanty housing is built by immigrants
- eg steep slopes of Rochina in Rio, cemeteries in Cairo’s city of the dead and swamps like Lagos’ Makoko
- over time, informal housing is improved to form low income but formal districts that are connected to the cities infrastructure
what are the social problems of shanty towns (3)
- easy spread of infections due to poor sanitation and high population density
- crime due to a lack of formal employment
- poorly built settlements
what are the social benefits of shanty towns
- strong family and community structures
- provides shelter for millions of urban dwellers
what are the environmental problems of shanty towns
- poor water and sewage provision
- untidy, much litter and piles of rubbish due to a lack of waste collection
what are environmental benefits of shanty towns
- high rates of recycling linked to the informal sector
what are economic problems of shanty towns (4)
- much more informal employment
- decreased tax base
- often illegal settlements
- unplanned
what are self help schemes in shanty towns (4)
- people improve their houses slowly over time, replacing mud walls with brick etc
- labour often shared throughout community
- city authorities often provide water from stand pipes in the street and eventually help with sanitation and waste disposal
- the government or NGOs may give people the tools and training to improve their homes
what are site and service schemes involved with shanty towns (4)
- area of land divided into plots of land
- government grants legal rights to the land. can be rented or purchased and house improved over time using low interest loans
- basic infrastructure provided eg electricity, sanitation and water
- settlement integrated into the city through roads, public transport, waste disposal
