3 - consequences and management of international economic migration ✅

Question 1

what are remittances

Answer 1

REMITTANCE = money sent by migrants back to host country, usually through family

they are increasing in importance, Mexican remittances from USA are larger than economic wealth generated within Mexico by workers

Question 2

what is brain drain

Answer 2

BRAIN DRAIN = ‘departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector or field for another usually for better pay or living conditions’

the impact can be negative, positive

Question 3

benefits of brain drain to host countries

Answer 3

• fills skills shortages eg doctors
• entrepreneurs establish new businesses
• increase in skilled workers can promote positive multiplier effect
• successful migrants purchase property = property boom

Question 4

benefits of brain drain to source countries

Answer 4

• remittances sent back to country help economic growth
• migrants may return, bringing newly acquired skills to country
• knowledge may be transferred = education improvement

Question 5

problems of brain drain to host countries

Answer 5

• social tensions may arise when it is perceived migrants have taken jobs of indigenous population
• pressure on primary school places and healthcare systems may increase
• pressure on housing stock may cause problems for local population

Question 6

problems of brain drain to source countries

Answer 6

• economic loss of a generation of human resources, and keyworkers
• increase in dependency ratio as the young leave
• reduces economic growth as entrepreneurs are lost
• no guarantee remittances will be sent in short term

Question 7

economic, social, political and environmental advantages of migration

Answer 7

ECONOMIC = fill labour shortage, tax revenue, ambitious and motivated workforce, increased labour force decreases dependency ratio
SOCIAL = multicultural society, returning migrants bring skills to source nation
POLITICAL = political cooperation and interdependency
ENVIRONMENTAL = interdependency leading to cooperation on issues such as climate change

Question 8

what is interdependency

Answer 8

‘the quality or condition of being interdependent, or mutually reliant on each other’

globalisation of economies = increasing interdependence of countries, economic borders sometimes becoming as important as national borders

Question 9

what is the effect of political interdependency

Answer 9

• migration may create political partnerships between socio-economically independent states
• increases co-operation to tackle shared environmental threats eg climate change

Question 10

benefits of interdependency

Answer 10

• creation of EU brought peace to regions with war history
• Thomas Freidman in 1990s argued that no 2 countries with a McDonalds would attack each other
• large diaspora communities often create strong geopolitical ties

Question 11

risks of interdependency

Answer 11

• in 2009, recession meant UK cancelled many construction projects and migrant workers lost jobs. Estonia’s economy shrunk by 13% after
• many citizens view interdependency as a threat to national sovereignty, impacted Brexit vote

Question 12

what is the UK’s migration policy

Answer 12

a points based system for economic migrants outside EEA based on tiers
- you have to be a skilled worker with a job offer and at least an income over £25k
- points awarded for world leaders in their field

Question 13

are there any emigration laws

Answer 13

few nations have laws preventing out migration due to UDHR article 13
but….
North Koreans need an exit visa
in Qatar some foreign migrants must apply for an exit visa before being allowed home