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Social- og personlighedspsykologi > 6: Genetics and personality > Flashcards

6: Genetics and personality Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral genetics is the study of what?

A

Both the study of the effects of genes but also the effect of the environment

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2
Q

Behavioral genetics does not address the all effects of the genes or the environment. How is it limited?

A

It is limited to the study of how genes and the environment lead to variation in traits

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3
Q

MZ twins?

A

Monozygotic twins - Come from a single fertilized egg that divides into two at some point. Always the same sex

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4
Q

DZ twins?

A

Dizygotic twins - Comes from eggs that are separately fertilized

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5
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The DNA pattern specific to an individual

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6
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The physical form and behavioral patterns of the individual

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7
Q

What is heritability?

A

The percentage of phenotypic variation that is due to genetic variation

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8
Q 
Which of the following have high and which have low heritability? 
# of eyes is not genetic 
Visual acuity
Eye color 
Sexual orientation 
Sociosexual orientation 
Verbal intelligence
A 
# of eyes is not genetic 
Visual - high heritability 
Eye color - high 
Sexual orientation - low 
Sociosexual orientation - high 
Verbal intelligence - high
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9
Q

Does variation refer to a population or an individual?

A

It refers to a population NOT an individual
The difference between you and other members of the population = heritability.
When a difference in a population is due to genetics

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10
Q

“How much” studies uses what method?

A

quantitative behavioral genetics - quantifies the importance of genes by identifying how much phenotypic similarity on a trait can be predicted by genetic similarity (often twin studies)

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11
Q

“Which” studies uses what method?

A

Molecular genetics - identifies particular versions of the genes which are found more frequently among those with different phenotypes
EX: the DRD4 gene - the novelty gene

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12
Q

On the genes that very between people identical twins will be similar on how many %?

A

100%

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13
Q

On the genes that very between people siblings and fraternal twins will be similar on how many %?

A

50%

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14
Q

On the genes that very between people adoptive children and their adoptive parents will be similar on how many %?

A

0%

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15
Q

How come that people and chimps are 98% genetically similar?

A

When you’re using the molecular metrics - when you are looking at a basepair on a basepair basis you get a really high degree of similarities - BUT this is not what personality psychologist are intereseted in - they look at quantitative - genes that VARY between people

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16
Q

Heritability accounts for how much when it comes to height?

A

0.9

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17
Q

Heritability accounts for how much when it comes to depression?

A

0.60-0.70

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18
Q

What is a gene-environment correlation (rGE)

A

When a given gene is found more often in people who are in certain environmental contexts

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19
Q

There are 3 different types of gene-environment correlation (rGE), what are those?

A

Passive (when parents provide book environment)

reactive/evocative (The child is evocing a response that makes the environment and genes match - parents gives the child more books)

active (control of own environment by buying books yourself)

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20
Q

What is a passive gene-environment correlation?

A

When parent provide both genes and the environment to the children yet the child does nothing to obtain the environment
EX: parents who are verbally inclined pass on genes to their children that make them verbally inclined. However, because the parents are highly verbal, they buy a lot of books. Thus, there is a correlation between the children’s verbal ability and the number of books in their home, but it is passive in the sense that the child has done nothing to cause the books to be there

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21
Q

What is reactive gene-environment correlation?

A

When parents respond to children differently, depending on the child’s genotypes.
This is achieved because people react to children differently, based in part on the children’s heritable dispositions.

22
Q

What is an active gene-environment correlation?

A

When a person with a particular genotype creates or seeks out a particular environment
EX: High sensation seekers, for example, expose themselves to risky environments: skydiving, motorcycle jumping and drug taking

23
Q

The personality trait of the biological parent can predict the behaviour of the adoptive parent, how?

A

The trait in the adoptive child (from the biological parents) - shape the behavior of the adoptive parents

24
Q

“Corne pone”- theory

A

Parents provide their children with moral, poltical and religious beliefs
Indirectly: by raising them within organizations that reflects their beliefs
Directly: By discussing their opinions with the child
The idea is that the political party that you vote for is determined by the discussions at the dinner table

25
Q

What happens to the political beliefs of the child, when it leaves the household?

A

Once we move out, we start to become more our own people who are more influenced by genetic influence and not the environment
So the political beliefs are no longer influenced by your parent’s belief

26
Q

When we talk about heritability for both politics and IQ, what do we have to pay attention to?

A

You always have to consider the age

27
Q

When talking about gene-environment correlation, which one of these matters most?

A

We can’t say!

We can’t be sure if the environment matters or it is the genes that cause the environment to matter

28
Q

When do genes matter most?

A

When the individual is most able to act on their dispositions

29
Q

What is genome?

A

the total collection of about 3.2 billion base pairs, the ‘string of letters’ (ACTG) of the DNA

30
Q

What are alleles?

A

different versions of the same gene

31
Q

Phenotypic variance

A

observed individual differences, such as in height, weight or personality.

32
Q

Environmentality

A

the proportion of phenotypic variance that isnotattributable to genetic variance

33
Q

Can heritability be applied to a single individual?

A

NO!!

34
Q

Is heritability a constant?

A

NO! It applies only to a population at one time and in a particular environment. Heritability is ONLY a statistic

35
Q

At the population level, we can partition the differences into 3 sources - which?

A
  • Differences in genes
  • Differences in environment
  • The interaction between the genes and environment
36
Q

What are the 4 most common behavioral genetics methods?

A
  • Selective breeding with aminals
  • Family studies
  • Twin studies
  • Adoption studies
37
Q

Why can’t result from family studies not be viewed as definitive?

A

Because family members who share the same genes also typically share the same environment.Two members of a family might be similar to each other not because a given personality characteristic is heritable but, rather, because of a shared environment

38
Q

What is the main advantage of adoption studies?

A

They allow us to get around the equal environments assumption, which must be made in twin studies

39
Q

What is the most powerful behavioral genetic design?

A

One that combines the strengths of twin and adoption studies at the same time by studying twins reared apart

40
Q

What are the most commonly studied personality traits in behavioral genetics?

A

extraversion and neuroticism

41
Q

Does heritability play a role in alcohol consumption?

A

Yes - Most studies find moderate heritability (0.21-0.56) for drinking
Alcohol consumption patterns in adults are stable, and the genetic contributions are largely responsible

42
Q

What is the heritability for marrige?

A

The heritability for marriage turned out to be 68%

-Getting divorced is also genetically influenced. This could be linked to specific personal traits

43
Q

Molecular genetics?

A

techniques designed to identify the specific genes associated with personality traits

44
Q

The DRD4-gene codes for what? And what is this gene associated with?

A

This codes for a protein called dopamine receptor. Respond to the presence of dopamine.

Novelty seeking
- Individuals with so-called long repeat versions of the DRD4 gene were found to be higher on novelty seeking than individuals with so-called short repeat versions of this gene.
BUT - A recent critical review noted that there is still no clear consensus about which genes are associated with which personality traits

45
Q

What is shared environmental influences?

A

Features of the environment that siblings share

Ex: the number of books in the home, having a TV in the home or not

46
Q

What is non-shared environmental influences?

A

Features of the environment that siblings don’t share
EX: They might have different groups of friends,
different sports

47
Q

What impact does the shared environment have on personality variables?

A

For most personality variables, the shared environment has either little or no discernible impact

48
Q

Genotype-environment interaction

A

Individual differences ininteractionswith the environment that affects performance
EX: An introvert and an extrovert might react differently to the same situation ex: noise in the room

49
Q

genotype-environment correlations can be positive or negative - how so?

A

the environment can encourage the expression of the disposition or it can discourage its expression

50
Q

Environmentalist view

A

the view that personality was determined by socialization practices, such as parenting style

Social- og personlighedspsykologi (19 decks)

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