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Social- og personlighedspsykologi > 13: Disorders of personality > Flashcards

13: Disorders of personality Flashcards

1
Q

There are three key processes whereby personality affacts social interactions, which?

A
  1. selection, in which people may choose specific social environments according to their personalities
  2. evocation. how people evoke distress, as well as positive feelings, in others.
  3. Manipulations for influencing others
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2
Q

The statistical definition of abnormal focuses on?

A

characteristics that are rare in the population.

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3
Q

What is one of the biggest problems in using social and statistical definitions of abnormal?

A

Societal norms change over time

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4
Q

Psychological definitions of abnormality focus on?

A

social definitions of abnormality.

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5
Q

A personality disorder is defined as….

A

enduring patterns of behaviour or experience that differs greatly from the expectations of a person’s culture

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6
Q

What is the difference between the categorical view and the dimensional view in relation to personality disorders?

A

According to the categorical view, a person either has a disorder or does not.

according to the dimensional view, each disorder is seen as a continuum ranging from normality at one end to severe disability and disturbance at the other

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7
Q

A psychologist should be especially hesitant before diagnosing a personality disorder in which group?

A

Immigrant populations (because their culture can be very different and by that, their social norms for behaviors can be very different)

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8
Q

People with antisocial personality disorders have also been described as

A

sociopaths or psychopaths

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9
Q

The narcissistic paradox refers to?

A

the finding that some people have apparently high self-esteem, but actually are very emotionally fragile.

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10
Q

Comorbidity is the notion that…?

A

individuals may have symptoms that meet the criteria for more than one personality disorder.

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11
Q

According to the dimensional view of personality disorders, an indicator of an avoidant personality disorder is? (big 5 traits)

A

high introversion and high neuroticism.

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12
Q

According to the dimensional view of personality disorders, a person with histrionic personality disorder shows extreme…? (big 5 trait)

A

extraversion.

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13
Q

The DSM-5 utilizes a CATEGORICAL / DIMENSIONAL view to classify mental disorders

A

CATEGORICAL

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14
Q

What does traits of personality describe?

A

consistencies in behaviour, thought or action

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15
Q

What does traits of personality represent?

A

meaningful differences between persons

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16
Q

personality disorders can be thought of as…

A

maladaptive variations or combinations of normal personality traits.

For example, a person with extremely low levels of trust and extremely high levels of hostility might be disposed to paranoid personality disorder.

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17
Q

What are the building blocks of personality disorders?

A
  1. Traits
  2. Motivation
    - A common theme in several personality disorders concerns maladaptive variations on these common motives, especially need for power and intimacy
  3. Cognition
    - cognition consists of mental activity involved in perceiving, interpreting and planning. These processes can become distorted in personality disorders.
  4. emotion
    - With several personality disorders there is extreme variation in experienced emotions.
  5. the self-concept
    - With most personality disorders, there is some distortion in the self-concept
  6. social relationships
    - frequently disturbed or maladaptive in personality disorder
  7. biology
    - Some of the personality disorders have been found to have a genetic component
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18
Q

how do we characterize a psychological disorder today?

A

Today, a psychological disorder is a pattern of behaviour or experience that is distressing and painful to the person, that leads to disability or impairment in important life domains (e.g. problems with work, marriage or relationship difficulties), and that is associated with increased risk for further suffering, loss of function, death or confinement

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19
Q

The field of abnormal psychology is the study of?

A

the various mental disorders, including thought disorders, emotional disorders and personality disorders.

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20
Q

the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

A system for diagnosing and describing mental disorders that is widely accepted
is now in its fifth edition. This version of the DSM is commonly called the DSM-5, published by the American Psychiatric Association

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21
Q

psychopathology

A

the study of mental disorders

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22
Q

The DSM-5 regards a personality disorder as…

A

a durable and inflexible way of thinking and experiencing emotions that significantly and most often negatively affects how an individual functions in daily life.

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23
Q

How many personality disorders does the DSM-5 list?

A

10

24
Q

How many clusters does the personality disorders fall into according to DSM-5?

A

three clusters:
® Cluster A or the odd and eccentric cluster,
® Cluster B or the dramatic, emotional cluster,
® Cluster C or the anxious or fearful cluster.

25
Q

All of the personality disorders involve impaired social relations, or trouble getting along with others.
TRUE / FALSE

A

TRUE

26
Q

whenever there is a question about if someone has a personality disorder, what should you take into account?

A
  1. A person’s social, cultural and ethnic background.
    □ Immigrants, for example, often have problems fitting into a new culture. Before judging that a behaviour is a symptom of a personality disorder, we must first become familiar with a person’s cultural background, especially if it is different from the majority culture
  2. Age
    □ Adolescents, for example, often go through periods of instability, which may include identity crises, a symptom that is often associated with certain personality disorders
  3. Gender
    □ Certain disorders, such as the antisocial personality disorder, are diagnosed much more frequently in men than women.

= TAG HØJDE FOR KONTEKST!

27
Q

whenever there is a question about if someone has a personality disorder, what should you take into account?

A
  1. A person’s social, cultural and ethnic background.
    □ Immigrants, for example, often have problems fitting into a new culture. Before judging that a behaviour is a symptom of a personality disorder, we must first become familiar with a person’s cultural background, especially if it is different from the majority culture
  2. Age
    □ Adolescents, for example, often go through periods of instability, which may include identity crises, a symptom that is often associated with certain personality disorders
  3. Gender
    □ Certain disorders, such as the antisocial personality disorder, are diagnosed much more frequently in men than women.
28
Q

What characterize cluster A or the odd and eccentric cluster?

A

It contains traits that combine to make people ill-at-ease socially and just plain different - Most of the oddness in these disorders has to do with how the person interacts with others

29
Q

What characterize cluster B or the dramatic, emotional cluster?

A

Persons who are diagnosed with disorders belonging to the dramatic or emotional group tend to have trouble with emotional control and to have specific difficulties getting along with others

30
Q

What characterize cluster C or the anxious and fearful cluster?

A

consists of patterns of behaviour that are geared toward avoiding anxiety.
The disorders in this cluster, like all the other disorders, illustrate the neurotic paradox: although a behaviour pattern successfully solves one problem for the person, it may create or maintain another equally or more severe problem.

31
Q

What is the neurotic paradox?

A

although a behaviour pattern successfully solves one problem for the person, it may create or maintain another equally or more severe problem.

32
Q

Which personality disorders are included in cluster A or the odd and eccentric cluster?

A
  • Schizoid Personality Disorder
  • Schizotypal Personality Disorder
  • Paranoid Personality Disorder
33
Q

which personality disorders are included in cluster B or the dramatic, emotional cluster?

A
  • Antisocial Personality Disorder
  • Borderline Personality Disorder
  • Histrionic Personality Disorder
  • Narcissistic Personality Disorder
34
Q

what is the narcissistic paradox?

A

That although narcissists have high self-esteem, their grandiose self-esteem is actually quite fragile

35
Q

which personality disorders are included in cluster C or the anxious and fearful cluster?

A
  • Avoidant Personality Disorder
  • Dependent Personality Disorder
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
36
Q

There is another disorder that is often confused with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, which?

A

– obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

OCD is an anxiety disorder that is, in several ways, more serious and debilitating than OCPD

people with OCPD are at risk for developing OCD as well as other kinds of anxiety disorders

37
Q

What is prevalence?

A

a term that refers to the total number of cases that are present within a given population during a particular period of time

38
Q

which personality disorder has the highest prevalence?

A

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

39
Q

what is a differential diagnosis?

A

one in which, out of two or more possible diagnoses, the clinician searches for evidence in support of one diagnostic category over all the others.

40
Q

The overall prevalence rate for personality disorders in men and women, is??

A

fairly equal

41
Q

which gender are more prone to have antisocial personality disorder?

A

men

42
Q

What is the critique of the categorical view?

A

Over the years, the categorical approach to PDs was hotly debated and criticized because of the various disadvantages of this approach.
□ An important critique has been that the categorical approach did not derive from empirical data and clinical observations. In fact, empirical studies could hardly, if at all, validate the existence of the categories
□ Another disadvantage of the categorical approach is the extensive co-occurrence among PDs: most patients met criteria for more than one PD at the time and were therefore diagnosed with two or more PDs

Because of the debate - we are moving more towards the dimensional view

43
Q

In the dimensional model of personality, how are the distinctions between normal/disorder made?

A

the only distinctions made between normal personality traits and disorders are in terms of extremity, rigidity and maladaptiveness

for example,
◊ borderline personality disorder is extreme narcissism,
◊ schizoid disorder is extreme introversion accompanied by low neuroticism (Emotional Stability).
◊ Extreme introversion accompanied by extremely high neuroticism, on the other hand, results in avoidant personality disorder.
◊ Histrionic disorder is characterized as extreme extraversion.
◊ Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a maladaptive form of extreme conscientiousness.
◊ Schizotypal personality disorder is a complex combination of introversion, high neuroticism, low agreeableness and extreme openness

44
Q

which factors can contribute to the development of personality disorders?

A
  • persons who suffer with borderline personality disorder often experienced poor attachment relationships in childhood and many borderline persons were the target of sexual abuse in childhood
  • many antisocial persons were themselves abused and victimized as children, leading to social learning and psychoanalytic theories of the cause of this disorder.
  • genetics
45
Q

What are the general criteria for personality disorders?

A
  1. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control
  2. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations
  3. the enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment
  4. the pattern is stable and of long duration and its onset can be traced back to at least adolescence or early adulthood
  5. the enduring pattern is not better accounted for as a manifestation of another mental disorder
  6. the enduring pattern is not due to the direct physiological causes of a substance (e.g. a drug) or a general medical condition (e.g. a head trauma)
46
Q

what characterize schizotypal personality disorder and how is it linked to big 5?

A

a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities in behavior

High N, low E.e (enthusiasm), High O.o(openness)

47
Q

what characterize schizotupal personality disorder?

A

a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities in behavior

High N, low E.e, High O.o(openness)

48
Q

what characterize paranoid personality disorder and how is it linked to big 5?

A

a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent.

High N, Low A, Low E.e (enthusiasm)

49
Q

what characterize avoidant personality disorder and how is it linked to big 5?

A

a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

High N, low E, low C.i (industriousness)

50
Q

what characterize dependent personality disorder and how is it linked to big 5?

A

a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of

High N.w (withdrawel), low C.i (industriousness)

51
Q

what characterize obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and how is it linked to big 5?

A

a pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control

High C

52
Q

what characterize antisocial personality disorder and how is it linked to big 5?

A

a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.

Low A, Low C, High N.v (volutility)

53
Q

what characterize borderline personality disorder and how is it linked to big 5?

A

a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and affects, and marked impulsivity

High N, low A.p (politeness), Low C

54
Q

what characterize histrionic personality disorder and how is it linked to big 5?

A

a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

High E

55
Q

what characterize narcissistic personality disorder and how is it linked to big 5?

A

a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy

Low A, High N.v (volutility)

56
Q

which big 5 traits are most commonly linked to personality disorders?

A

High N

Low A

57
Q

There are 3 issues with the personality disorder system today, which?

A
  1. are PDs categorical or dimensional
    - we are moving towards the dimensional perspective
  2. should we simplify our conception of PD, such that one disorder represents one extreme form of a trait?
    - pathology is not prevalent at both extremes of most traits
  3. Is the five factor model sufficient for representing personality in PD.
    - the dimensions of pathological personality don’t map perfectly to the dimensions of normal personality difference

Social- og personlighedspsykologi (19 decks)

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