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Social- og personlighedspsykologi > 5: Assorted personality topics: development, neuroscience, and health (egentlig nr. 4 jf. studyguide) > Flashcards

5: Assorted personality topics: development, neuroscience, and health (egentlig nr. 4 jf. studyguide) Flashcards

1
Q

How can personality development be defined?

A

It can be defined as:

the continuities, consistencies and stabilities in people over time and the ways in which people change over time

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2
Q

What is rank order stability?

A

Rank order stability is the maintenance of individual position within a group

If people change compared to each other

also called relative stability

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3
Q

What is mean level stability?

A

Within a single group that has been tested on two separate occasions, any difference in group averages across the two occasions is considered a mean level change.

If people change in their levels of a feature over time

also called absolute stability

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4
Q

personality change has two defining qualities, which?

A
  1. the changes are typically internal to the person, not merely changes in the external surroundings, such as walking into another room.
  2. the changes are relatively enduring over time, rather than being merely temporary
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5
Q

What is a stability coefficient?

A

The correlations between the same measures obtained at two different points in time

also sometimes called test–retest reliability coefficients

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6
Q

The correlations between different measures of the same trait obtained at the same time are called xxx?

A

Validity coefficients

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7
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

A study which examine the same group of individuals over time.

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8
Q

What does rank order stability for personality dispositions look like in adulthood?

A

personality dispositions, whether the standard Big Five or other dispositions, show moderate to considerable rank order stability over time in adulthood

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9
Q

What does mean level stability for personality dispositions look like in adulthood?

A

Stability of the Big Five personality traits showed a different pattern of results for each of the traits

whilst there are some changes in personality traits depending on the trait being studied, it remains that over the most part of adulthood, personality is relatively stable

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10
Q

What is personality coherence?

A

A kind of stability.

It characterize how the same trait will be manifested in different ways at different ages

OBS! det at ryge som 11-årig vs. som 30-årig er ikke nødvendigvis udtryk for det samme, selvom adfærden er den samme.

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11
Q

Which kind of change (Mean-level or Rank-order) is “i’ve become more open-minded since i graduated high school”?

A

Mean-level change

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12
Q

Which kind of change (Mean level or rank order) is “My friend used to be the quietest person in class but now they are one of the most talkative”

A

Rank order change

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13
Q

At which levels can a person change?

A
  • among everyone (population level) (fx. ift. bilforsikring)
  • among a group (group level)
  • depending on the individual (individual level)
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14
Q

does rank order stability increase or decrease as we age?

A

INCREASE

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15
Q

Will the relative change we see in personality be bigger or smaller the longer time in between personality assessments?

A

BIGGER

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16
Q

When do we stop changing our personality?

A

Never. but there will be periods with more change than others (like childhood, adolescence and young adulthood).

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17
Q

What does the concept “Niche building” consist of?

A

That people over time may create or seek out environments that “fit” with their personality, where that fit encourages its consistent expression.

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18
Q

Can we change our personality?

A

Maybe. There are not so many studies yet. But personality changes after interventions could be substantial (especially for emotional stability).

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19
Q

Which traits are useful predictors for succes in school and around the workplace?

A

IQ and Conscientiousness

The traits dont seem to run together

  • ser ud som om at C er en kompensatorisk strategi som kan anvendes ved lavere IQ til at opnå samme udbytte
  • dem med høj IQ klarer sig med mindre hårdt arbejde
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20
Q

Who is higher (young adults or their parents) on:

  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Emotional stability
  • Narcissism
A 
O: Young adults 
C: Parents 
E: afhænger af hvordan man ser på det 
A: Parents 
ES: Parents 
Narc: Young adults (seems like a developmental trend)
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21
Q

Agreeableness is typically negatively related to prejudices, but how does it look in disagreeable societies and why?

A

There will seem to be a positive correlation.

Because people in these kind of societies highly agree with the politics in the society - and therefore they can have prejudices against someone because of the politics.

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22
Q

Extraversion is positively correlated with drinking behavior, but why?

A

Alcohol is often a very social drug.

Therefore we might expect only socially consumed drugs to be a particular risk for extraverts.

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23
Q

To understand how personality connects to many of its outcomes you should consider the xxx

A

developmental context - where the person is (e.g. culture) and what other characteristics the person has

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24
Q

What is electrodermal activity (EDA) and what is it used for?

A

a physiological measure, that measure skin conductance (indicator of arousal).

Obtained by electrodes or sensors placed on the skin surface

can measure responses on various stimuli (sudden noises, pain, fear, anxiety etc.)

25
Q

What is the pros and cons of EDA (electrodermal activity)?

A

Pro: noninvasive, no discomfort
Cons: movement constrained (you can sweat because of this factor)

26
Q

Electrodermal activiry in the absence of external stimuli are associated with?

A

Anxiety and neuroticism

27
Q

Why is it a problem to use fMRI to measure personality?

A

It is a very expensive method, and therefore only a few people can be measured in a study. the findings are therefore hard to replicate.

28
Q

levels of testosterone are sometimes used in personality measures. The levels of testosterone can be seen as both the cause and the effect of behaviors, why?

A

Because of the positive feedback loop.
Man kan have en bestemt adfærd pga. testosteron, opnår man succes med denne adfærd udskilles mere testosteron og adfærden forstærkes osv.

29
Q

Jeffrey Gray has proposed an influential alternative biological theory of personality called xxx?

A

reinforcement sensitivity theory

Den med BIS/BAS

30
Q

What does Jeffrey Greys reinforcement sensitivity theory consist of?

A

a model of human personality based on two hypothesized biological systems in the brain
1. the behavioural activation system (BAS), which is responsive to incentives, such as cues for reward, and regulates approach behaviour
□ When the BAS recognizes a stimulus as potentially rewarding, it triggers approach behaviour

  1. the behavioural inhibition system (BIS), which is responsive to cues for punishment, frustration and uncertainty
    □ The effect of BIS activation is to cease or inhibit behaviour or to bring about avoidance behaviour
31
Q

A person with a reactive BIS is especially sensitive to …?

A

cues of punishment, frustration or novelty.

He or she is vulnerable to unpleasant emotions, including anxiety, fear and sadness.

32
Q

A person with a reactive BASis especially sensitive to … ?

A

reward.

Such a person is vulnerable to positive emotions and tends to approach stimuli (impulsivity)

33
Q

Which metatrait is serotonin associated with?

A

Stability, which includes A (aggression), C (poor impulse control) and ES (depression)

(Parantes angiver hvad lave niveauer af serotonin er koblet til indenfor de enkelte Traits (big five))

34
Q

Which metatrait is dopamin associated with?

A

Plasticity, which includes extraversion (E) and openness (O)

35
Q

What is the optimistic bias?

A

when the average person underestimates their risks

36
Q

Which health consequenses are optimism linked with?

A

Good health and good health behavior

37
Q

What is “Type A” personality?

A

someone who is:

  • competitive/aggressive
  • active and energetic
  • ambitious and driven
38
Q

What is “Type D” personality?

A

A distressed personality, characterized by negative affectivity and social inhibition

39
Q

Why is Type A and D not really types?

A

because of the normal distribution in the population.

The distribution is not bimodal.

40
Q

Why is Type A and D not really types?

A

because of the normal distribution in the population.
The distribution is not bimodal.

very few personality traits are this categorical. Instead, most are dimensional, ranging from one extreme to the other, with most people falling somewhere around the middle

41
Q

Is “Type A” personality a single trait?

A

No.

It consist of the subtraits:

  • achievement motivation and competiveness
  • time urgency
  • hostility and aggressiveness
42
Q

Type D personality and recovery from heart problems show that … ?

A

Type D persons have impaired recovery

43
Q

Describe the interactional model

A

○ This model suggests that objective events happen to people, but personality factors determine the impact of those events by influencing people’s ability to cope

○ In this model, personality has its effects on coping responses

○ It is called the interactional model because personality is assumed to moderate (influence) the relationship between stress and illness

44
Q

Describe the transactional model

A

In this model, personality has three potential effects:
1. it can directly influence our exposure to certain events;
□ people do not just respond to situations; they also create situations through their choices and actions

  1. it can influence how the person appraises or interprets events
    □ it is not the event itself that causes stress but how the event is appraised, or interpreted, by the person
  2. it can influence coping, as in the interactional model.

○ two parts of the transactional model – the person’s influence on events and appraisal – are why the model is called transactional

○ The transactional model implies that stressful events do not just influence persons; persons also influence events = reciprocal influence of persons and events

45
Q

Describe the health behavior model

A

This model adds another factor to the transactional model.
- In the health behaviour model personality does not directly influence the relationship between stress and illness but indirectly, through health-promoting or health-degrading behaviours

This model suggests that personality influences the degree to which a person engages in various health-promoting or health-degrading behaviours

46
Q

Describe the predisposition model

A

This model is completely different from the former three models in that it holds that personality and illness are both expressions of an underlying predisposition

○ This model is a very simple conception, suggesting that associations exist between personality and illness because of a third variable (the predisposition), which is causing them both
- For example, enhanced sympathetic nervous system reactivity may be the cause of the behaviours and emotions that lead a person to be called neurotic as well as that it may be the cause of subsequent illnesses

47
Q

Describe the illness behavior model

A

It is not a model of illness per se but, rather, a model of illness behaviour

Illness behaviour is the action that people take when they think they have an illness, such as complaining to others about their symptoms, going to a doctor, taking the day off from school or work, or taking medication.

The model suggests that personality influences the degree to which a person perceives and pays attention to bodily sensations and the degree to which the person interprets and labels those sensations as an illness

48
Q

Events that cause stress are called .. ?

A

Stressors

49
Q

Stressors have several common attributes, which?

A
  • Stressors are extreme, in the sense that they produce a state of feeling overwhelmed or overloaded, that one just cannot take it much longer.
  • Stressors are uncontrollable, outside our power to influence, such as an exam we cannot avoid.
  • Stressors often produce opposing tendencies, such as wanting and not wanting an activity or object – as in wanting to study but also wanting to put it off as long as possible.
50
Q

Describe Hans Selye (1976) stage model of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

If a person is exposed to a particular stressor day in and day out, then this physiological fight-or-flight response is just the first step in a chain of events termed the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

GAS follows three stages:
1. The first stage, called the alarm stage, consists of the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system and the associated peripheral nervous system reactions. These include the release of hormones that prepare the body for challenge

  1. If the stressor continues, then the next stage begins, the resistance stage. The body is using its resources at an above-average rate, even though the immediate fight-or-flight response has subsided. At this point, stress is being resisted, but it is taking a lot of effort and energy
  2. If the stressor remains constant, the person eventually enters the third stage, the exhaustion stage. Selye felt that this was the stage in which a person is most susceptible to illness and disease, as his or her physiological resources are depleted.
51
Q

What is daily hassles?

A

Examples of daily hassles are having too much to do all the time, having to fight the crowds while shopping, getting stuck regularly in heavy traffic, having to wait in lines all the time, having an unpleasant boss at work, and having to worry over money

It seems that the major sources of stress in most people’s lives are daily hassles

52
Q

There are various types of stress, which?

A
  1. Acute stress - is what most people associate with the term stress.
  2. Episodic acute stress - is more serious, in the sense that it refers to repeated episodes of acute stress, such as a weekend job that is stressful or having to meet a deadline each month.
  3. Traumatic stress - refers to a massive instance of acute stress, the effects of which can reverberate for years or even a lifetime (e.g. PTSD)
  4. Chronic stress - It refers to stress that does not end. Day in and day out, chronic stress grinds us down until our resistance is gone.
53
Q

What does it mean that stress has “additive effects”?

A

the effects of stress add up and accumulate in a person over time

54
Q

Does people experience stress in the same way?

A

No.
Stress affects each person differently. We each perceive demands and pressures differently and have different resources or coping skills, also termed resilience

55
Q

According to psychologist Richard Lazarus (1991), in order for stress to be evoked for a person, two cognitive events must occur, which?

A
  1. The first cognitive event, which Lazarus called primary appraisal, is for the person to perceive that the event is a threat to his or her personal goals
  2. The second necessary cognitive event, secondary appraisal, is when the person concludes that he or she does not have the resources to cope with the demands of the threatening event

If either of these appraisals is absent – if the person does not perceive the event as threatening, or if the person feels he or she has plenty of resources for coping with the threat – then stress is not evoked

56
Q

What is dispositional optimism?

A

the expectation that good events will be plentiful in the future, and that bad events will be rare in the future

57
Q

There are 3 positive emotion coping strategies for coping with stress, which?

A
  1. positive reappraisal, a cognitive process whereby a person focuses on the good in what is happening or has happened
  2. problem-focused coping, using thoughts and behaviours to manage or solve the underlying cause of the stress
  3. creating positive events - defined as creating a positive time-out from the stress. This can be done in a number of ways. Often, all it takes is to pause and reflect on something positive, such as a pleasing or humorous memory
58
Q

What is emotional inhibition?

A

A way of controlling your emotions, such as controlling your anxiety or hiding the fact that you are disappointed

Social- og personlighedspsykologi (19 decks)

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