6 - Endocrine Tissues Flashcards
Name the major endocrine glands of the body.
- Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
What hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?
Anterior (adenohypophysis):
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinising hormone (LH)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Prolactin
- Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Posterior (neurohypophysis):
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
What hormones are produced by the parathyroid glands?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?
- Cortex secretes corticosteroids (cortisol, aldosterone etc.) and androgens (testosterone and oestradiol)
- Medulla secretes catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine)
What secretions are produced by the pancreas?
Exocrine - digestive enzymes into the duodenum
Endocrine - islets of Langerhans (α - glucagon, β - insulin)
What non-glandular organs contain endocrine cells? Give some examples.
- Heart
- Stomach
- Liver
- Duodenum
- Kindey
E.g:
- Ghrelin made by stomach - stimulates feeding behaviour in CNS (hunger)
- Angiotensinogen - precursor for angiotensin made in the liver
- Renin - made by kidney - converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
What are some functions of the hypothalamus?
- Thermoregulation
- Plasma osmolality
- Heart rate and blood pressure
- Feeding and GI regulation
- Circadian rhythms, wakefulness and sleep
- Stimuli from ANS
- Emotion and mood
- Lactation
What does the hypothalamus produce?
- ADH and oxytocin (travel through nerves to posterior pituitary - storage)
- Six hormones that travel through the portal system to act on the anterior pituitary
What is the name of the portal system to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus?
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
Why does the neurohypophysis (posterior) contain neurones but the adenohypophysis (anterior) doesn’t?
- Posterior pituitary invaginates down from neurohypophyseal bud during development (same development as the hypothalamus)
- Anterior pituitary invaginates up from hypophyseal (Rathke’s) pouch
What is ACTH? Where is it made? What does it do?
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Secreted from anterior pituitary gland
Acts on adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids such as cortisol and aldosterone. Acts on adrenal medulla to produce catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline.
What is TSH? Where is it made? What does it do?
Thyroid stimulating hormone.
Secreted from anterior pituitary gland
Acts on thyroid gland to regulate secretion of T3 and T4.
What is GH? Where is it made? What does it do?
Growth hormone (somatostatin)
Secreted from anterior pituitary gland
Acts on the liver to regulate the release of somatomedins, these act on bone, muscle and other tissues to promote growth and repair.
What are FSH and LH? Where are they made? What do they do?
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinising hormone
Secreted from anterior pituitary gland
Act on the testes in males (testosterone and inhibin) or ovaries in females (oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin)