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Body Logistics Revision > 12 - Connective and Adipose Tissue > Flashcards

12 - Connective and Adipose Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
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2
Q

What are the main three components of connective tissue?

A
  • Cells - fibroblasts, adipocytes, reticular cells
  • Fibres - collagen, elastin, reticular fibres
  • Ground substance - proteoglycans (GAGs - e.g. hyaluronic acid)
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3
Q

What is extracellular matrix made up of?

A

Ground substance and fibres

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4
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Binding and supporting
  • Protecting
  • Insulating
  • Storing reserve fuel and cells
  • Transporting substances within the body
  • Separation of tissues
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5
Q

What is loose connective tissue also known as?

A

Areolar tissue

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6
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found?

A
  • In the lamina propria beneath mucosal membranes
  • Abounds the basal lamina
  • Around glands, capillaries, nerves and sinusoids
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7
Q

What is dense connective tissue also known as?

A

Fibrous or collagenous tissue

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8
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissue and how do they differ?

A
  • Irregular - fibres run in different directions

- Regular - fibres run parallel to each other

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9
Q

What cell types are found in loose connective tissue?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Other lymphocytes and mast cells
  • Adipocytes
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10
Q

What fibres are found in loose connective tissue?

The structure also contain cells and …….. …………

A

Collagen and elastin

ground substance

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11
Q

What are some functions of loose connective tissue?

A
  • Holds vessels
  • Permits cell migration
  • Involved in inflammation
  • Acts as packaging around organs
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12
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesise and secrete?

A
  • Fibres (elastin and collagen)

- Ground substance (proteoglycans)

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13
Q

What are myofibroblasts?

A
  • Modified fibroblasts that contain actin and myosin and can contract
  • Responsible for wound contraction in tissue loss
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14
Q

When are macrophages found in the loose connective tissue?

A

During local inflammation

Macrophages are phagocytic and are antigen presenting cells

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15
Q

Mast cells contain granules in their cytoplasm, what is contained in these granules?

A
  • Histamine (increases blood vessel permeability)
  • Heparin (anticoagulant)
  • Cytokines (attract eosinophils and neutrophils)
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16
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Become coated with IgE molecules that bind allergens. Granules are released when allergens bind.

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17
Q

What is a unilocular adipocyte and what does it do?

A
  • Cell of white adipose tissue
  • Single lipid droplet with organelles squeezed to one side
  • Padding/shock absorber, insulation and energy reserve
18
Q

What is a multilocular adipocyte and what does it do?

A
  • Cell of brown adipose tissue
  • Multiple lipid droplets with organelles in the centre of the cell
  • Provide insulation and energy reserve
19
Q

Why is brown adipose tissue only usually found in neonates and young children?

A
  • Lipid breakdown is accelerated in young children as oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled to generate heat
  • Doubles the calories generated
20
Q

What are the different types of collagen? Where are they found?

A

Type I - fibres aggregate into bundles (tendons, capsules of organs, skin dermis)

Type II - Fibrils don’t form fibres (hyaline and elastic cartilage)

Type III - Fibrils form fibres around muscle, nerve and lymphatic cells. Known as reticulin.

Type IV - Unique to the basement membrane (epithelia)

21
Q

What are the properties of:

  • Collagen
  • Reticulin
  • Elastin
A

Collagen - flexible with high tensile strength
Reticulin - Supporting framework / sponge
Elastin - Allows tissues to recoil after stretch

22
Q

What is ground substance made up of?

A

Proteoglycans

  • Large molecules with a core protein to which glucosaminoglycans (GAGs) are bound
  • GAGs attract water to form a hydrated gel
23
Q

What is an example of a GAG?

A

Hyaluronic acid

24
Q

Give an example of where irregular dense connective tissue is found and why it is significant?

A

Superficial layers of the dermis (skin)

  • Allows skin to resist tearing forces in multiple directions
  • Elastic fibres allow for stretch and restoration to the original shape
25
Q

Give an example of where regular dense connective tissue is found and why it is significant?

A

Tendons

  • Connect muscle to bone
  • Collagen fibres run parallel in line with the tensile force exerted by the muscle
26
Q

How do tendons join to muscles?

A

The myotendinous junction

Collagen passes from the tendon to the muscle fibres, where it cross-links with the collagen that coats the muscle fibres

27
Q

What types of collagen are found in a tendon?

A 
Type I - 70%
Type III (reticulin) - 30%
28
Q

What do ligaments do? What is the structure of a ligament?

A

Connect bone to bone

Dense collagen bundles in a parallel arrangement (same as tendons) but undulate and arranged in fascicles. Fascicles separated by loose connective tissue and ground substance.

29
Q

What are the different types of fascia?

A
  • Superficial
  • Deep
  • Visceral or parietal
30
Q

What is the structure of fascia?

A
  • Made of dense regular connective tissue (like tendons and ligaments)
  • Fascia is flexible and able to resist great unidirectional tension forces
31
Q

How are collagen fibres produced?

A
  • Fibroblasts secrete procollagen that is converted to collagen outside the cell
  • Aggregate to form collagen fibrils
  • In some tissues, fibrils aggregate to form collagen fibres to provide further strength
32
Q

Why is vitamin C essential to collagen production?

A
  • Vitamin C used for production of procollagen intracellularly
  • Hydroxylates proline and lysine
  • Without vitamin C, collagen formation is disrupted (leads to scurvy)
33
Q

What are some symptoms of scurvy?

A
  • Gum disease
  • Bruising of the skin
  • Bleeding
  • Poor wound healing
34
Q

What is Marfan’s Syndrome?

A
  • Autosomal dominant disorder - fibrillin 1 gene affected
  • Abnormal elastic tissue

Sufferers exhibit the following symptoms:

  • Abnormally tall
  • Arachnodactyly (long and slender digits)
  • Frequent dislocation
  • Risk of aortic rupture
35
Q

What is the structure of elastin fibres?

A

Primarily composed of elastin but is surrounded by microfibrils called fibrillin

36
Q

Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains the elastic lamellae?

A

Tunica media

37
Q

In blood vessels it is ……… …….. cells that produce elastin, collagen and matrix not fibroblasts.

Fibroblasts will only lay down …… ……..

A

smooth muscle

scar tissue

38
Q

Elastin is only produced in …….. …………….. and cannot be replaced. Will only be replaced with scar tissue if damaged.

A

foetal development

39
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • ‘Brittle bone disease’
  • Number of different genetic causes (most are AD)
  • Due to mutated collaged that does not ‘knit together’
40
Q

What are some symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • Weakened bones
  • Short stature
  • Blue sclera
  • Hearing loss
  • Hypermobility (loose joints)
  • Poor development of teeth

Body Logistics Revision (25 decks)

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