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Body Logistics Revision > 3 - Integrating Tissues > Flashcards

3 - Integrating Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

When do cells first start to coalesce?

A

During embryogenesis

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2
Q

In embryogenesis, all cells form from which cell layer?

A

Epiblast

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3
Q

What different factors hold cells together?

A 
Cell-cell adhesion molecules
ECM proteins (fibres)
Internal-external scaffolding
Close proximity (pressure from surroundings)
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4
Q

How are connective tissue cells held together?

A
  • Plentiful ECM
  • Full of fibrous polymers (mainly collagen)
  • Cells are sparsely distributed (direct attachments between them are rare)

The ECM bears the mechanical stress

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5
Q

How are epithelial tissues held together?

A
  • Cells are bound into sheets (epithelia) with strong cytoskeletons
  • ECM is mainly the thin basal lamina
  • Strong cell-cell adhesions bear the mechanical stress
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6
Q

What type of stem cell is the origin of all connective tissue cells?

A

Mesenchymal stem cell (pericyte)

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7
Q

What tissues can be formed from a mesenchymal stem cell?

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Muscle
  • Tendons/Ligaments
  • Bone marrow
  • Adipose tissue
  • Connective tissue
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8
Q

What 3 components make up connective tissue?

A

> Cells - fibroblasts, adipocytes, reticular cells
Fibres - collagen, elastin, reticular fibres
Ground substance - GAGs

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9
Q

What is a GAG? Give an example.

A

Glucosaminoglycans - make up ground substance

E.g. hyaluronic acid

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10
Q

What are the functions of connective tissues?

A
  1. Binding and supporting
  2. Protecting
  3. Insulating
  4. Storing reserve fuel and cells
  5. Transporting substances
  6. Separation of tissues
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11
Q

What adherence systems are found on the lateral surface of an epithelial cell?

A 
Tight junctions
Adherence junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Cell adhesion molecules
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12
Q

What adherence systems are found on the basal surface of an epithelial cell?

A 
Hemi-desmosome
Focal adhesion
Integrins
Proteoglycans
Cell adhesion molecules
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13
Q

What is a tight junction?

A
  • At the top of the lateral surface, near the apical border
  • Prevents movement of large molecules into deeper layers of the tissue
  • In the gut, can open to allow paracellular transport
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14
Q

What is an adhesion junction?

A
  • Intracellular actin filaments bound to E-cadherin that crosses the intercellular space
  • Found in pairs ~⅓ down from apical surface
  • Adhesion belt
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15
Q

What is a desmosome?

A
  • Strongest cell-cell adhesion and only one found in skin
  • ½ way down lateral surface
  • Found in tissues with intense mechanical stress
  • Intracellular cytokeratin bound to intercellular E-cadherins
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16
Q

What are gap junctions?

A
  • Near the base of lateral surface
  • Communicate changes in cell composition and free movement of small molecules
  • Motile cells do not have gap junctions
  • Hexagonal pattern of connexins form a connexon on each cell surface
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17
Q

What is a hemi-desmosome?

A
  • Found on basal surface
  • Attach to the ECM (basal lamina)
  • Intracellular cytokeratin attached to laminin in ECM via integrins
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18
Q

What is a focal adhesion?

A
  • Intracellular actin binds to fibronectin in ECM via integrins
  • Conformational change leads to integrin also binding to collagen
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19
Q

What is an integrin?

A
  • Central to cohesive forces
  • Alpha-beta dimer
  • Dimer weakly binds to ECM
  • Heterotetramer has greater binding capacity
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20
Q

All adhesion properties require the presence of which ions?

A

Calcium

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21
Q

What are the functions of adherence proteins?

A
  • Maintain survival and structure of cells/tissues

- Prevent pathogens gaining entry to internal environment

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22
Q

Name an organ containing all 4 types of tissue.

A

Mucosal membrane

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23
Q

What is a mucosal membrane?

Give an example of a mucosal membrane.

A
  • Lines all moist hollow internal organs
  • Continuous with the skin at body openings
  • Most secrete mucus

GI tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract

24
Q

What is mucus?

A

Thick, protective fluid

- contains mucins, electrolytes, lysozyme, immunoglobulins

25
Q

What is the function of the mucosal membrane?

A
  • Stop pathogens entering
  • Prevent tissue dehydration
  • Lubricate surfaces
26
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract?

A
  • Mucosa lining the lumen (epithelium)
  • Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
  • Submucosa (connective tissue)
  • Muscularis externa (inner circular, outer longitudinal)
  • Serosa (outer connective tissue)
27
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

28
Q

The muscularis externa in the stomach has 3 layers, what are they?

A

Oblique, circular and longitudinal

29
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

Layer of the mucosa of the small intestine

Between the epithelium and muscularis mucosae

30
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the jejunum?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

31
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

32
Q

Invaginations in the large intestine epithelium are called …..

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

33
Q

What is the difference in the mucosa between the small and large intestine?

A

The small intestine has crypts and villi, the large intestine only has crypts

34
Q

What is the function of the mucosa in the GI tract?

A
  1. To absorb substances from the lumen (folding and microvilli)
  2. Prevent ingress of pathogens (lymphatic tissue in lamina propria)
  3. Move contents and expel waste (peristalsis by muscularis externa)
35
Q

The structural unit in the kidney is the ……

A

Nephron

36
Q

The glomerular capsule is made up of what type of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous

37
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the collecting ducts?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

38
Q

What is the key difference in epithelium in the proximal and distal tubule?

A

Proximal tubules have a ciliated epithelium (increasing surface area for ion movement)

The distal tubules have no cilia

39
Q

The bladder has a layer of adventitia, what is this and what is it’s function?

A

Adipose tissue (fat)

A shock absorber for the expanding bladder

40
Q

The bladder has a large muscle layer called the ……. muscle.

A

Detrusor

41
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the bladder?

What states can this epithelium be found in?

A

Transitional

Relaxed (cuboidal) state and distended (flattened) state

42
Q

How does the bladder epithelium prevent tissue damage from the acidic urine?

A
  • Epithelial cells produce protective mucus

- Tight junctions and packaging prevent leakage to inner layers

43
Q

What epithelia are found in the urethra?

A
  • Stratified squamous

- keratinised at the outlet where it meets the skin

44
Q

What are the two parts of the respiratory tract?

A
  • Conducting portion (nasal cavity to bronchioles)

- Respiratory portion (respiratory bronchioles to alveoli)

45
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the pharynx?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised

46
Q

The trachea divides into two primary ……… in the mid-thorax.

A

Bronchi

47
Q

The ….. bronchus is more vertical than the ……. so foreign objects are more likely to get lodged there.

A

Right, left

48
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the rings around the trachea?

What layers make it up?

A

Hyaline cartilage

  • Perichondrium - fibroblasts laying down collagen
  • Chondrogenic layer - from which cartilage is formed
49
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

50
Q

The submucosa of the trachea and primary bronchi contains what structures?

A

Connective tissue layer:

  • Collagen and elastin fibres
  • Fibroblasts

Also contain seromucous glands - watery mucus that thickens when infected

51
Q

What is contained in the trachea and bronchial secretions?

A
  • Mucins and water - sticky mucus
  • Serum proteins - lubricates surfaces
  • Lysozyme - destroys bacteria
  • Anti-proteases - inactivate bacterial enzymes
52
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator?

At what frequency do the cilia beat?

A

The cilia move mucus in the airways up to the oral cavity where material can be swallowed

12 Hz

53
Q

What is the difference in structure between the primary bronchi and the secondary/tertiary bronchi?

A

The cartilage is no longer present as a full circle around the airway. Airway is kept open with crescent shaped cartilage.

54
Q

In the alveoli, capillaries are lined with a specialised flattened epithelium called ……

A

Endothelium

55
Q

Collagen and elastin fibres are found in the thin connective tissue of the alveoli, what are their roles?

A

Collagen - adds rigidity to the mucosa

Elastin - provides elastic recoil to return the sac to the empty state

Body Logistics Revision (25 decks)

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