6. Endocrine

Question 1

Topics to cover:

Answer 1

HPO endocrine axis
Addisons
Cushings
Hypo/hyperthyroidism
Re-read formative

Question 2

What is the treatment pathway for type II diabetes?

Answer 2

Weight loss/ dietary change
Metformin treatment (except in poor kidneys)
\+sulfonurea (except heart problems)
\+DDP 4 inhibitors (saxagliptin)

Question 3

What are the tests for diabetes?

Answer 3

Random fasted glucose <11mmol/L + diabetic symptoms

2 hour OGTT value > 11.1

Fasting plasma glucose >7

Question 4

What is a normal Hba1c and blood glucose?

Answer 4

HbA1c-< 42mmol

Pre meal 4-7mmol
2 hours after meal <9mmol
Before bed <8mmol

Question 5

Anti-insulin hormones

Answer 5

glucagon,
epinephrine
cortisol
growth hormone

All raise glucose levels in response to low blood sugar

Question 6

What hormones control development at each age group?

Answer 6

Thyroid hormones- neonate and early baby

Growth hormone- most of the childs life (2-18)

Sex hormones- 12+ (puberty onwards)