6 - Diversity and Relationships Between Organisms Flashcards by Delphi Hatton-Crowther

Define species

A group of the same organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Way to remember 6 steps of natural selection

Monkeys
Are
Such
Rascally
Animals
Around Food

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 6 steps of natural selection? Describe them

Mutation - variation is already present
Adaption - environment favours these individuals
Survival - of the fittest
Reproduce - have offspring
Alleles - pass these on
Allele frequenting - allele changes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define allele

A different form of the same gene

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 ways that prevents breeding from happening

Allopatric speciation

Sympatric separation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is allopatric separation? (summary)

Geographical isolation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is allopatric separation? (3)

Morphological differences
Seasonal breeding differences
Courtship behaviour

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why does courtship behaviour happen (4)

Determine of capable of mating
Recognition of species
Synchronised mating
Bond of paternity / maternity care

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

…………………. classification

Phylogenetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define hierarchy

Small groups within larger groups

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define taxon

Each level of classification

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 domains all organisms are sorted into first

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Way to remember the kingdoms

Did
Katie
Price
Cheer
On
Fat
Gay
Strippers?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List of kingdoms in order

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the kingdoms for people (extra I think)

Eukaryotes
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
Homo-sapien

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How to write the genus and species

Genus - capital letter

Species - italic or underlined

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a phylogenetic tree?

Tree that shows which species has the most recent common ancestor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 types of evidence for evolution

Observational and biochemical analysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

6 types of observational analysis

4 main, 2 extra

Fossils
Homologous structures
Analogous structures
Vestigial organs

Adaptive radiation
Embryology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are fossils evidence for evolution?

Had parts don’t decay. Compressed and preserved in rock

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fossils as evince AO3 (2)

Most still buried

Soft bodies decay

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are homologous structures?

Pentadactyl limb - similar in many species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is adaptive radiation?

Darwin - The finch’s beak differ on different islands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are analogues structures?

Different structure for same purpose. Eg. both wasps and bats have wings but different species an not related

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are vestigial organs?

Organs that aren't needed anymore (appendix and coccyx)

Why is embryology not valid?

Drawings weren't from samples

Name 3 types of biochemical analysis

DNA sequencing AA sequencing MRNA sequencing

Why does AA sequence ≠ MRNA chain?

Degenerate so more than 1 codon codes for AA

What is the issue with MRNA sequencing?

Splicing removes introns and don't know how it differs between people

Define species richness

Number of different species within a habitat

Define biodiversity

Number of species and individuals within each species

3 reason why variation is high near the equator

High sunlight and nutrient levels Need to adapt for a harsh environment Free radicals increase mutation rate

How to calculate diversity index

d= N(N-1 / n(n-1) ``` N = number of organisms of all species n = number of a particular species ```

A natural system has a ......... diversity index

High

Name the two types of ecosystems

Natural and agricultural

An area can only support a certain amount of ...............

Biomass

3 ways to increase food production

Fertilisers Biotechnology Genetic varieties

3 things that directly removes habitats

Removing woodland Draining marshes / ponds Overgrazing land

3 management strategies to help habitats

Plant hedges as field boundaries Plant native trees on low species diversity land Use nitrogen foxing crops and crop rotation for nutrients

Con of management strategies

Increase food costs

What is discontinuous variation?

Categorising data

2 discontinuous variation examples

Blood type | Eye colour

What causes discontinuous variation? (2)

Mostly a genetic mutation Rarely due to the environment

What is continuous variation?

Gradual transition between two extremes

2 continuous variation examples

Height | Weight

Shape of a continuous variation graph

Define standard deviation

Measure the spread of results around the mean

Define mean

Sum of values divided by number of values

% in standard deviation 1

68%

% in standard deviation 2

95%

What does it mean if error bars overlap?

The population isn't very different

Define standard error

Measures the likelihood that the mean would be the same in another sample

Equation for standard deviation

SF = √ ∑ x^2 - ̅x ^2

Equation for standard error

SE = σ/√n

Two types of causes for variation

Environmental and genetic

What is environmental variation

Depends on the environmental. Includes sunlight and water

What are genetic causes for variation

Meiosis and mutation

Three ways meiosis cases genetic variation

Random fertilisation Independent segregation Crossing over

Define random fertilisation

Gametes produced by mating pairs fuse together at random and there are potential genotypes among their offspring

Define independent segregation

How chromosomes line up at prophase 1

What is independent segregation also known as

Random assortment and independent assortment

What is crossing over?

XX. There is a chiasma where the sister chromatids cross

Name two types of mutation

Chromosomal and gene

What is chromosomal mutation?

Changes the full chromosome

Define nondisjunction

Chromosomes that usually separate in meiosis stay together so whole bivalent does to poles. Have an extra chromosome

Define mutation

Any stable heritable change in the genetic code

2 types of gene mutation

Substitution / point | Deletion / frame shift

Do substitution mutations always have an impact?

No - degenerate and intron

Do deletion mutations always have an impact?

Unless at the end, YES. Shift triplet code

Define polygenetics

Characteristic controlled by more than one gene

Give an example of Lamarck's theory

Giraffes have a long neck by stretching them

List the three types of natural selection

Stabilising Directional Disruptive

Describe stabilising selection (2)

Selection pressure at both extremes | Maintains the average

Example of stabilising selection

Birth weight before modern medicine

Describe directional selection (2)

Selection pressure at one extreme | Shift of mean

Example of directional selection

Giraffes having long necks

Describe disruptive selection (1)

Selection pressure against mode

Example of disruptive selection

Passerine birds

What is sickle cell anaemia?

Haemoglobin condition where a change in the pH causes it. If have 1 allele, protect against malaria

How are people antibiotic resistant?

High selection pressure Rapidally and asexually reproduce High mutation rate

Why do bacteria have a high mutation rate?

DNA is in plasmids in cytoplasm so little protection