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A-Level Biology > 6 - Diversity and Relationships Between Organisms > Flashcards

6 - Diversity and Relationships Between Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define species

A

A group of the same organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Way to remember 6 steps of natural selection

A 
Monkeys
Are
Such
Rascally
Animals
Around Food
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3
Q

What are the 6 steps of natural selection? Describe them

A 
Mutation - variation is already present
Adaption - environment favours these individuals
Survival - of the fittest
Reproduce - have offspring
Alleles - pass these on
Allele frequenting - allele changes
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4
Q

Define allele

A

A different form of the same gene

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5
Q

2 ways that prevents breeding from happening

A

Allopatric speciation

Sympatric separation

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6
Q

What is allopatric separation? (summary)

A

Geographical isolation

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7
Q

What is allopatric separation? (3)

A

Morphological differences
Seasonal breeding differences
Courtship behaviour

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8
Q

Why does courtship behaviour happen (4)

A

Determine of capable of mating
Recognition of species
Synchronised mating
Bond of paternity / maternity care

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9
Q

…………………. classification

A

Phylogenetic

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10
Q

Define hierarchy

A

Small groups within larger groups

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11
Q

Define taxon

A

Each level of classification

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12
Q

3 domains all organisms are sorted into first

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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13
Q

Way to remember the kingdoms

A 
Did
Katie
Price
Cheer
On
Fat
Gay
Strippers?
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14
Q

List of kingdoms in order

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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15
Q

Name the kingdoms for people (extra I think)

A 
Eukaryotes
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
Homo-sapien
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16
Q

How to write the genus and species

A

Genus - capital letter

Species - italic or underlined

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17
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

Tree that shows which species has the most recent common ancestor

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18
Q

2 types of evidence for evolution

A

Observational and biochemical analysis

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19
Q

6 types of observational analysis

4 main, 2 extra

A

Fossils
Homologous structures
Analogous structures
Vestigial organs

Adaptive radiation
Embryology

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20
Q

How are fossils evidence for evolution?

A

Had parts don’t decay. Compressed and preserved in rock

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21
Q

Fossils as evince AO3 (2)

A

Most still buried

Soft bodies decay

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22
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Pentadactyl limb - similar in many species

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23
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Darwin - The finch’s beak differ on different islands

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24
Q

What are analogues structures?

A

Different structure for same purpose. Eg. both wasps and bats have wings but different species an not related

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25
Q

What are vestigial organs?

A

Organs that aren’t needed anymore (appendix and coccyx)

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26
Q

Why is embryology not valid?

A

Drawings weren’t from samples

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27
Q

Name 3 types of biochemical analysis

A

DNA sequencing
AA sequencing
MRNA sequencing

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28
Q

Why does AA sequence ≠ MRNA chain?

A

Degenerate so more than 1 codon codes for AA

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29
Q

What is the issue with MRNA sequencing?

A

Splicing removes introns and don’t know how it differs between people

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30
Q

Define species richness

A

Number of different species within a habitat

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31
Q

Define biodiversity

A

Number of species and individuals within each species

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32
Q

3 reason why variation is high near the equator

A

High sunlight and nutrient levels
Need to adapt for a harsh environment
Free radicals increase mutation rate

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33
Q

How to calculate diversity index

A

d= N(N-1 / n(n-1)

N = number of organisms of all species
n = number of a particular species
34
Q

A natural system has a ……… diversity index

A

High

35
Q

Name the two types of ecosystems

A

Natural and agricultural

36
Q

An area can only support a certain amount of ……………

A

Biomass

37
Q

3 ways to increase food production

A

Fertilisers
Biotechnology
Genetic varieties

38
Q

3 things that directly removes habitats

A

Removing woodland
Draining marshes / ponds
Overgrazing land

39
Q

3 management strategies to help habitats

A

Plant hedges as field boundaries
Plant native trees on low species diversity land
Use nitrogen foxing crops and crop rotation for nutrients

40
Q

Con of management strategies

A

Increase food costs

41
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Categorising data

42
Q

2 discontinuous variation examples

A

Blood type

Eye colour

43
Q

What causes discontinuous variation? (2)

A

Mostly a genetic mutation

Rarely due to the environment

44
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Gradual transition between two extremes

45
Q

2 continuous variation examples

A

Height

Weight

46
Q

Shape of a continuous variation graph

A

n

47
Q

Define standard deviation

A

Measure the spread of results around the mean

48
Q

Define mean

A

Sum of values divided by number of values

49
Q

% in standard deviation 1

A

68%

50
Q

% in standard deviation 2

A

95%

51
Q

What does it mean if error bars overlap?

A

The population isn’t very different

52
Q

Define standard error

A

Measures the likelihood that the mean would be the same in another sample

53
Q

Equation for standard deviation

A

SF = √ ∑ x^2 - ̅x ^2

54
Q

Equation for standard error

A

SE = σ/√n

55
Q

Two types of causes for variation

A

Environmental and genetic

56
Q

What is environmental variation

A

Depends on the environmental. Includes sunlight and water

57
Q

What are genetic causes for variation

A

Meiosis and mutation

58
Q

Three ways meiosis cases genetic variation

A

Random fertilisation
Independent segregation
Crossing over

59
Q

Define random fertilisation

A

Gametes produced by mating pairs fuse together at random and there are potential genotypes among their offspring

60
Q

Define independent segregation

A

How chromosomes line up at prophase 1

61
Q

What is independent segregation also known as

A

Random assortment and independent assortment

62
Q

What is crossing over?

A

XX. There is a chiasma where the sister chromatids cross

63
Q

Name two types of mutation

A

Chromosomal and gene

64
Q

What is chromosomal mutation?

A

Changes the full chromosome

65
Q

Define nondisjunction

A

Chromosomes that usually separate in meiosis stay together so whole bivalent does to poles. Have an extra chromosome

66
Q

Define mutation

A

Any stable heritable change in the genetic code

67
Q

2 types of gene mutation

A

Substitution / point

Deletion / frame shift

68
Q

Do substitution mutations always have an impact?

A

No - degenerate and intron

69
Q

Do deletion mutations always have an impact?

A

Unless at the end, YES. Shift triplet code

70
Q

Define polygenetics

A

Characteristic controlled by more than one gene

71
Q

Give an example of Lamarck’s theory

A

Giraffes have a long neck by stretching them

72
Q

List the three types of natural selection

A

Stabilising
Directional
Disruptive

73
Q

Describe stabilising selection (2)

A

Selection pressure at both extremes

Maintains the average

74
Q

Example of stabilising selection

A

Birth weight before modern medicine

75
Q

Describe directional selection (2)

A

Selection pressure at one extreme

Shift of mean

76
Q

Example of directional selection

A

Giraffes having long necks

77
Q

Describe disruptive selection (1)

A

Selection pressure against mode

78
Q

Example of disruptive selection

A

Passerine birds

79
Q

What is sickle cell anaemia?

A

Haemoglobin condition where a change in the pH causes it. If have 1 allele, protect against malaria

80
Q

How are people antibiotic resistant?

A

High selection pressure
Rapidally and asexually reproduce
High mutation rate

81
Q

Why do bacteria have a high mutation rate?

A

DNA is in plasmids in cytoplasm so little protection

A-Level Biology (7 decks)

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