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A-Level Biology > 5 - Mass Transport > Flashcards

5 - Mass Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Define haemoglobin

A

Protein in a RBC that transports oxygen

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2
Q

Haemoglobin has …. polypeptide chains

A

4

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3
Q

What does haemoglobin form with oxygen?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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4
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin (5)

A 
Made of 4 subunits
Each subunit has a haem group
Each haem group has Fe2+
The shape changes when O2 bonds
The shape changes when the pH is lowered
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5
Q

Why is haemoglobin made of 4 subunits?

A

4 O2 molecules can be transported

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6
Q

Why is blood red?

A

The haem group contains Fe2+

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7
Q

Why does haemoglobin have an affinity for oxygen?

A

Contains Fe2+ (bond)

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8
Q

Why does the shape of haemoglobin change when O2 is bonded to it?

A

Other oxygen molecules can load easily

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9
Q

When does the shape of haemoglobin change? (2)

A

O2 bonded to it

pH is lowered

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10
Q

Why does the shape of haemoglobin change when the pH is lowered?

A

Oxygen molecules unload in respiring tissue

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11
Q

Process of transporting oxygen by haemoglobin (3)

A

1 - Readily associate with O2 at surface where gas exchange happens

2 - Readily dissociate from O2 at respiring tissues

3- Does this by forming oxyhaemoglobin

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12
Q

O2 concentration where gas exchange happens

A

Low

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13
Q

O2 concentration where respiring tissues are

A

High

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14
Q

CO2 concentration where gas exchange happens

A

High

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15
Q

CO2 concentration where gas respiring tissues are

A

Low

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16
Q

Affinity where gas exchange happens

A

High

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17
Q

Affinity where gas respiring tissues are

A

Low

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18
Q

Result where gas exchange happens

A

Oxygen attached

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19
Q

Result where respiring tissues are

A

Oxygen released

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20
Q

Define affinity

A

Ability of haemoglobin to bind to oxygen

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21
Q

Equation about haemoglobin

A

Loading

Hb + 4O2 -> HbO8

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22
Q

Shape of the oxygen dissociated curve

A

S

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23
Q

Describe the oxygen dissociated curve

A

1 - Near tissues. Hard to load as low O2 concentration
2 - Changes shape so happens easier
3 - Near lungs - hard to load but high affinity

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24
Q

Does the curve go left or right in foetal haemoglobin?

A

Left

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25
Does the curve go left or right in the Bohr Shift? Why?
Right - lower CO2 concentration so give sup extra oxygen
26
Shift where the curve moves right
Bohr Shift
27
Describe the process of the Chloride Shift
1. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the RBCs and combines with water to form carbonic acid 2. Carbonic acid dissociates into protons (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) 3. The protons are buffered on the surface while the bicarbonate ions are actively exchanged across the surface 4. Cl- enters the RBC when HCO3- leaves (Hamburger effect) 5. This raises the inter-erythrocyte of chlorine
28
Effect where HCO3- and Cl- are transported
Hamburger effect
29
Equations for the Chloride Shift
CO2 + H20 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- H+ + Hb- ↔ HHb
30
Why do we need a circularity system? (3)
We are big - blood vessels needed Diffusion is only effective with a short pathway Need t transport products of digestion to other cells
31
Define mass transport
Transporting materials around the body
32
Why do organisms have a transport system? (3)
SA:V decreases as size increases Exchange surfaces needed for nutrient exchange and removal of products Exchange surfaces in specific locations
33
6 features of a transport system
``` Suitable medium Move in bulk Closed system Move the medium Flow in one direction Control the flow ```
34
Colour of arteries
Red
35
Where do arteries go?
Heart to body cells
36
Colour of vein
Blue
37
Where do veins go?
From body to heart
38
What does pulmonary relate to?
Lungs
39
What does renal relate to?
Kidney
40
What does cardiac relate to?
Heart
41
Why is the circularity system double?
Heart -> Lungs -> Heart -> Tissues -> Heart
42
What is the pressure in the lungs? Why?
Low - no damage and long diffusion
43
Where does the aorta go from and to?
Left ventrical to body
44
Where does the vena cava go from and to?
Body to heart
45
Where does the pulmonary vein go from and to?
Lungs to left atrium
46
Where does the pulmonary artery go from and to?
Right ventricle to lungs
47
Define the cardiac cycle
Sequence of events undertaken by the heart at around 70 times per minute to ensure blood flows fully around the body
48
Another word for contraction
Systole
49
What is systole?
Contraction
50
Another word for relaxation
Diastole
51
What is diastole?
Relaxation
52
What are AV valves? (2)
Atrioventricular - between atrium and ventricle
53
What are SL valves? (2)
Semi lunar - between ventricles are arteries
54
What causes increased pressure in the heart? (2)
Contraction and blood entering the chambers
55
Describe the points if the cardiac cycle (4) Why?
1. AV close - V pressure higher than A 2. SL open - V pressure higher so force through 3. SL close - A pressure higher than V 4. AV open - A pressure higher than V
56
What makes up blood ? %
55% - Plasma 40% - RBC 5% - WBC
57
What is the role of tissue fluid?
Exchange and transport oxygen and nutrients form the blood to cell for exchange of CO2 and other waste products
58
Tissue fluid formation (6)
1. Blood flows into the capillary network 2. High hydrostatic pressure at arterioles 3. Push blood into surrounding cells 4. Fluid has plasma, O2 and nutrients 5. RBC, WBC + plasma stay in blood too big (low WP) 6. Fluid in tissue stop new fluid from moving out
59
Type of pressure in tissue fluid
Hydrostatic
60
Define hydrostatic pressure
Pressure created by a fluid pushing against it's container
61
Pressure at the capillary end
4.3KPA
62
Units for pressure
KPA
63
What does the pressure do when going from arteriole to venule? Why?
Decreases - small molecules forced out so less blood (volume)
64
Equation for pressure in tissue fluid
Change in hydrostatic + change in water potential
65
How does fluid return to the blood? (5)
1. Tissue fluid also has some hydrostatic pressure 2. Push fluid back into capillaries 3. Blood and tissue contain solutes so negative WP 4. WP of tissue fluid less negative than WP of blood 5. Osmosis happens
66
Lymph formation (4)
1. Not all fluid returns to the capillaries 2. Excess fluid drains into system 3. Similar to fluid but have less O2 and nutrients 4. Contains lymphocytes and is part of the immune system
67
What are lymphocytes
WBC - filter bacteria from tissue fluid
68
Type of vena cava at the top of the heart
Superior vena cava
69
Type of vena cava at the bottom of the heart
Inferior vena cava
70
Vessel that enters the right atrium
Vena cava
71
Vessel that enters the left atrium
Pulmonary artery
72
Vessel that leaves through the right atrium
Pulmonary artery
73
Vessel that leaves through the left atrium
Aorta
74
Artery function
Transport blood away from heart to respiring tissues
75
Exceptions for the artery carrying oxygenated blood (2)
``` Pulmonary artery (Heart to lungs) Umbilical artery ```
76
Adaptations for the artery (3)
Thick outer wall - withstand high pressure Narrow lumen - create a high pressure Elastic walls - stretch and recoil
77
Capillary function
Minute vessels that are fed into be arterioles
78
Adaptations for the capillary (3)
1 cell thick - short pathway Contains O2 - diffuses across wall Narrow - limit blood flow so travel slowly and more time for diffusion
79
Vein function
Transport flood into the heart
80
Exceptions for vein carrying deoxygenated blood (2)
Pulmonary vein - O2 blood form lungs to heart | Umbilical vein
81
Vein adaptations (2)
Large lumen - holds more blood | Pocket valves - prevent backflow (Semi lunar)
82
How to calculate cardiac output
Stroke volume x heart rate

A-Level Biology (7 decks)

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