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A-Level Biology > 5 - Mass Transport > Flashcards

5 - Mass Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Define haemoglobin

A

Protein in a RBC that transports oxygen

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2
Q

Haemoglobin has …. polypeptide chains

A

4

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3
Q

What does haemoglobin form with oxygen?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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4
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin (5)

A 
Made of 4 subunits
Each subunit has a haem group
Each haem group has Fe2+
The shape changes when O2 bonds
The shape changes when the pH is lowered
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5
Q

Why is haemoglobin made of 4 subunits?

A

4 O2 molecules can be transported

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6
Q

Why is blood red?

A

The haem group contains Fe2+

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7
Q

Why does haemoglobin have an affinity for oxygen?

A

Contains Fe2+ (bond)

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8
Q

Why does the shape of haemoglobin change when O2 is bonded to it?

A

Other oxygen molecules can load easily

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9
Q

When does the shape of haemoglobin change? (2)

A

O2 bonded to it

pH is lowered

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10
Q

Why does the shape of haemoglobin change when the pH is lowered?

A

Oxygen molecules unload in respiring tissue

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11
Q

Process of transporting oxygen by haemoglobin (3)

A

1 - Readily associate with O2 at surface where gas exchange happens

2 - Readily dissociate from O2 at respiring tissues

3- Does this by forming oxyhaemoglobin

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12
Q

O2 concentration where gas exchange happens

A

Low

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13
Q

O2 concentration where respiring tissues are

A

High

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14
Q

CO2 concentration where gas exchange happens

A

High

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15
Q

CO2 concentration where gas respiring tissues are

A

Low

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16
Q

Affinity where gas exchange happens

A

High

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17
Q

Affinity where gas respiring tissues are

A

Low

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18
Q

Result where gas exchange happens

A

Oxygen attached

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19
Q

Result where respiring tissues are

A

Oxygen released

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20
Q

Define affinity

A

Ability of haemoglobin to bind to oxygen

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21
Q

Equation about haemoglobin

A

Loading

Hb + 4O2 -> HbO8

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22
Q

Shape of the oxygen dissociated curve

A

S

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23
Q

Describe the oxygen dissociated curve

A

1 - Near tissues. Hard to load as low O2 concentration
2 - Changes shape so happens easier
3 - Near lungs - hard to load but high affinity

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24
Q

Does the curve go left or right in foetal haemoglobin?

A

Left

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25
Q

Does the curve go left or right in the Bohr Shift? Why?

A

Right - lower CO2 concentration so give sup extra oxygen

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26
Q

Shift where the curve moves right

A

Bohr Shift

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27
Q

Describe the process of the Chloride Shift

A
  1. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the RBCs and combines with water to form carbonic acid
  2. Carbonic acid dissociates into protons (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
  3. The protons are buffered on the surface while the bicarbonate ions are actively exchanged across the surface
  4. Cl- enters the RBC when HCO3- leaves (Hamburger effect)
  5. This raises the inter-erythrocyte of chlorine
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28
Q

Effect where HCO3- and Cl- are transported

A

Hamburger effect

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29
Q

Equations for the Chloride Shift

A

CO2 + H20 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-

H+ + Hb- ↔ HHb

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30
Q

Why do we need a circularity system? (3)

A

We are big - blood vessels needed
Diffusion is only effective with a short pathway
Need t transport products of digestion to other cells

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31
Q

Define mass transport

A

Transporting materials around the body

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32
Q

Why do organisms have a transport system? (3)

A

SA:V decreases as size increases

Exchange surfaces needed for nutrient exchange and removal of products

Exchange surfaces in specific locations

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33
Q

6 features of a transport system

A 
Suitable medium
Move in bulk
Closed system
Move the medium
Flow in one direction
Control the flow
34
Q

Colour of arteries

35
Q

Where do arteries go?

A

Heart to body cells

36
Q

Colour of vein

37
Q

Where do veins go?

A

From body to heart

38
Q

What does pulmonary relate to?

39
Q

What does renal relate to?

40
Q

What does cardiac relate to?

41
Q

Why is the circularity system double?

A

Heart -> Lungs -> Heart -> Tissues -> Heart

42
Q

What is the pressure in the lungs? Why?

A

Low - no damage and long diffusion

43
Q

Where does the aorta go from and to?

A

Left ventrical to body

44
Q

Where does the vena cava go from and to?

A

Body to heart

45
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein go from and to?

A

Lungs to left atrium

46
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery go from and to?

A

Right ventricle to lungs

47
Q

Define the cardiac cycle

A

Sequence of events undertaken by the heart at around 70 times per minute to ensure blood flows fully around the body

48
Q

Another word for contraction

49
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

50
Q

Another word for relaxation

51
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation

52
Q

What are AV valves? (2)

A

Atrioventricular - between atrium and ventricle

53
Q

What are SL valves? (2)

A

Semi lunar - between ventricles are arteries

54
Q

What causes increased pressure in the heart? (2)

A

Contraction and blood entering the chambers

55
Q

Describe the points if the cardiac cycle (4) Why?

A
  1. AV close - V pressure higher than A
  2. SL open - V pressure higher so force through
  3. SL close - A pressure higher than V
  4. AV open - A pressure higher than V
56
Q

What makes up blood ? %

A

55% - Plasma
40% - RBC
5% - WBC

57
Q

What is the role of tissue fluid?

A

Exchange and transport oxygen and nutrients form the blood to cell for exchange of CO2 and other waste products

58
Q

Tissue fluid formation (6)

A
  1. Blood flows into the capillary network
  2. High hydrostatic pressure at arterioles
  3. Push blood into surrounding cells
  4. Fluid has plasma, O2 and nutrients
  5. RBC, WBC + plasma stay in blood too big (low WP)
  6. Fluid in tissue stop new fluid from moving out
59
Q

Type of pressure in tissue fluid

A

Hydrostatic

60
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure created by a fluid pushing against it’s container

61
Q

Pressure at the capillary end

62
Q

Units for pressure

63
Q

What does the pressure do when going from arteriole to venule? Why?

A

Decreases - small molecules forced out so less blood (volume)

64
Q

Equation for pressure in tissue fluid

A

Change in hydrostatic + change in water potential

65
Q

How does fluid return to the blood? (5)

A
  1. Tissue fluid also has some hydrostatic pressure
  2. Push fluid back into capillaries
  3. Blood and tissue contain solutes so negative WP
  4. WP of tissue fluid less negative than WP of blood
  5. Osmosis happens
66
Q

Lymph formation (4)

A
  1. Not all fluid returns to the capillaries
  2. Excess fluid drains into system
  3. Similar to fluid but have less O2 and nutrients
  4. Contains lymphocytes and is part of the immune system
67
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

WBC - filter bacteria from tissue fluid

68
Q

Type of vena cava at the top of the heart

A

Superior vena cava

69
Q

Type of vena cava at the bottom of the heart

A

Inferior vena cava

70
Q

Vessel that enters the right atrium

71
Q

Vessel that enters the left atrium

A

Pulmonary artery

72
Q

Vessel that leaves through the right atrium

A

Pulmonary artery

73
Q

Vessel that leaves through the left atrium

74
Q

Artery function

A

Transport blood away from heart to respiring tissues

75
Q

Exceptions for the artery carrying oxygenated blood (2)

A 
Pulmonary artery (Heart to lungs)
Umbilical artery
76
Q

Adaptations for the artery (3)

A

Thick outer wall - withstand high pressure
Narrow lumen - create a high pressure
Elastic walls - stretch and recoil

77
Q

Capillary function

A

Minute vessels that are fed into be arterioles

78
Q

Adaptations for the capillary (3)

A

1 cell thick - short pathway
Contains O2 - diffuses across wall
Narrow - limit blood flow so travel slowly and more time for diffusion

79
Q

Vein function

A

Transport flood into the heart

80
Q

Exceptions for vein carrying deoxygenated blood (2)

A

Pulmonary vein - O2 blood form lungs to heart

Umbilical vein

81
Q

Vein adaptations (2)

A

Large lumen - holds more blood

Pocket valves - prevent backflow (Semi lunar)

82
Q

How to calculate cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

A-Level Biology (7 decks)

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